Achilles

Definition

Achilles is a central character in Homer's Iliad, known as the greatest warrior of the Greeks during the Trojan War. His rage and pride drive much of the poem's narrative, reflecting themes of heroism, mortality, and the consequences of personal conflict. Achilles' complex nature highlights both his incredible prowess in battle and his deep emotional struggles, making him a multi-dimensional figure that embodies the ideals and flaws of ancient heroism.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Achilles' conflict with Agamemnon over the dishonor of losing Briseis sets the stage for much of the Iliad's plot and showcases themes of pride and honor.
2. The concept of 'Achilles' heel' comes from mythology, symbolizing a singular point of vulnerability in an otherwise invulnerable character.
3. Achilles is depicted as both a fierce warrior and a deeply emotional individual, showcasing his struggle between personal desire and societal expectations.
4. His eventual return to battle after Patroclus' death marks a pivotal moment in the Iliad, emphasizing themes of friendship, loss, and revenge.
5. Achilles' fate is intertwined with the larger narrative of the Trojan War, culminating in his own tragic death at the hands of Paris with an arrow guided by Apollo.

Review Questions

• How does Achilles embody the ideals of the Heroic Code throughout the Iliad?
  • Achilles exemplifies the Heroic Code by valuing honor and glory above all else. His initial withdrawal from battle due to Agamemnon's insult illustrates how deeply he is affected by personal honor. This adherence to the code drives him to seek revenge for Patroclus' death, ultimately leading to his re-entry into combat where he seeks to reclaim his lost honor through acts of bravery and valor.
• Discuss how Achilles' relationship with Patroclus influences his actions and decisions in the Iliad.
  • Achilles' bond with Patroclus is foundational to his character development. The death of Patroclus serves as a turning point for Achilles, fueling his rage and compelling him back into battle against Hector. This relationship highlights themes of friendship and loyalty, contrasting with Achilles' earlier prideful withdrawal from combat. Patroclus’ loss underscores the emotional depth of Achilles, who grapples with grief while seeking vengeance for his fallen friend.
• Evaluate the implications of Achilles' rage on the broader themes presented in the Iliad and how it affects other characters.
  • Achilles' rage acts as a catalyst for many key events in the Iliad, influencing not just his fate but also that of other characters like Agamemnon, Hector, and even Patroclus. His inability to control his anger leads to significant consequences, highlighting themes of pride and the human condition. The fallout from his wrath ultimately reveals how personal conflicts can escalate into larger tragedies, affecting an entire community and reflecting on the costs of war and heroism.

Related terms

Heroic Code: A set of values in ancient Greek culture that emphasized honor, glory in battle, and personal reputation, which greatly influenced the actions of characters like Achilles.

Patroclus:

Achilles' close friend and companion whose death ignites Achilles' fury and propels him back into battle, serving as a catalyst for the unfolding events in the Iliad.

Wrath: The intense anger that defines Achilles' character arc, particularly in response to personal slights and losses, illustrating the destructive nature of pride and vengeance.