Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Definition

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a reproductive technology used to screen embryos for genetic disorders before implantation during in vitro fertilization (IVF). This technique allows parents to select embryos free from specific genetic conditions, thus reducing the risk of inherited diseases and ensuring healthier offspring. PGD raises important ethical considerations regarding the selection of traits and potential discrimination against embryos with certain genetic characteristics.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. PGD can identify specific genetic mutations associated with conditions like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease, allowing for informed embryo selection.
2. The use of PGD can raise ethical issues regarding 'playing God' and concerns about eugenics, as it may lead to preferences for certain traits over others.
3. While PGD can enhance the chances of having a healthy child, it also raises questions about the implications for society in terms of genetic diversity and the value placed on life.
4. The procedure involves multiple steps including IVF, embryo biopsy, and genetic testing, making it a complex and often expensive option for prospective parents.
5. As technology advances, discussions around PGD continue to evolve, particularly concerning its application for non-medical traits such as physical appearance or intelligence.

Review Questions

• How does preimplantation genetic diagnosis function in the context of in vitro fertilization and what are its main purposes?
  • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis operates by first creating embryos through in vitro fertilization. After several days of development, a few cells are biopsied from each embryo to test for specific genetic disorders. The primary purposes of PGD are to prevent hereditary diseases from being passed on to the child and to increase the likelihood of a successful pregnancy by selecting genetically healthy embryos.
• Discuss the ethical implications of using preimplantation genetic diagnosis to select embryos based on genetic traits.
  • The ethical implications of using preimplantation genetic diagnosis for embryo selection are significant. Concerns arise around the potential for eugenics, where parents may choose embryos based on desirable traits like intelligence or physical appearance rather than just health-related factors. This raises moral questions about the value of life and societal pressures to conform to certain standards of desirability, potentially leading to discrimination against those with disabilities or less favorable traits.
• Evaluate the impact that preimplantation genetic diagnosis could have on future generations in terms of genetic diversity and societal norms.
  • The impact of preimplantation genetic diagnosis on future generations could be profound. As more parents choose genetically 'ideal' embryos, there may be a reduction in genetic diversity within the population. This trend could lead to societal norms that favor specific attributes over others, creating pressure to conform to these ideals. Such shifts could affect how society views individuals with disabilities or atypical traits, potentially marginalizing those who do not fit the selected standards and raising concerns about inclusivity and acceptance.

Related terms

In vitro fertilization: A medical procedure where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body, typically in a lab, allowing for embryo development before implantation.

Genetic counseling: A process that provides individuals or couples with information and support regarding genetic conditions, including the risks, benefits, and implications of genetic testing.

Designer babies: A controversial concept referring to children whose genetic characteristics have been selected or altered through genetic engineering or reproductive technologies, often associated with PGD.