Realism

Definition

Realism is a theory in international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international politics. It posits that states are the primary actors in an anarchic global system where power and national interests drive their actions. This perspective highlights the importance of military power, the survival of the state, and the inevitability of conflict in international affairs.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Realism assumes that human nature is inherently selfish and competitive, which influences state behavior in international relations.
2. The theory suggests that states prioritize their survival and sovereignty above all else, often leading to aggressive policies and military buildups.
3. Realist thinkers, such as Thomas Hobbes and Hans Morgenthau, argue that ethics and morality play a limited role in international politics compared to power dynamics.
4. Realism also recognizes that cooperation among states can occur but is usually temporary and driven by self-interest rather than genuine goodwill.
5. The realist perspective often critiques international organizations and treaties, viewing them as ineffective in altering the fundamental nature of state behavior.

Review Questions

• How does realism explain the behavior of states in international relations?
  • Realism explains state behavior as primarily driven by the desire for power and survival in an anarchic system. States operate under the assumption that they must prioritize their national interests above all else, which often results in competition and conflict. This perspective suggests that while states may engage in temporary alliances or cooperation, these actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest and the need to ensure their own security.
• Evaluate the implications of realism for global business operations in politically unstable regions.
  • The implications of realism for global business operations are significant, especially in politically unstable regions. Businesses must navigate an environment where state actions are influenced by power dynamics and national interests. This can lead to increased risks, such as expropriation or changes in regulations that favor local firms over foreign investment. Understanding realism helps businesses strategize around potential conflicts and adapt to a landscape marked by competition and self-interest among states.
• Synthesize how realism interacts with globalization and the role of multinational corporations within this framework.
  • Realism interacts with globalization by highlighting the tensions between state sovereignty and the influence of multinational corporations (MNCs). While globalization encourages cooperation and economic interdependence, realists argue that states may prioritize national interests over these trends when conflicts arise. MNCs can be seen as extensions of state power or economic agents operating within states' interests. As such, they must be aware of how realist principles shape international relations and adapt their strategies to manage risks associated with political instability and shifting state priorities.

Related terms

Power Politics: A political theory that focuses on the pursuit of power as the primary objective of states, often leading to competition and conflict among nations.

Balance of Power: A concept in international relations where national security is maintained through an equilibrium between opposing forces, preventing any one nation from becoming too powerful.

National Interest: The goals and objectives of a state, including economic, security, and ideological factors, that drive its foreign policy and international interactions.