Capital

Definition

In architecture, the capital is the topmost part of a column, serving as a decorative element that also helps to support the structure above. Capitals are significant in defining the style of a column and are integral to the different architectural orders, each presenting unique designs that reflect their cultural and aesthetic values.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Capitals can be categorized into three main styles: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, each with distinct decorative features and proportions.
2. Doric capitals are simple and unadorned, typically just a rounded section atop a square block, representing strength and functionality.
3. Ionic capitals feature volutes (scroll-like designs) on either side, reflecting a more elegant and graceful aesthetic.
4. Corinthian capitals are highly ornate, adorned with acanthus leaves and scrolls, showcasing the peak of classical decorative art.
5. Capitals not only serve a decorative purpose but also play a crucial role in transitioning the weight from the horizontal elements of the structure above to the vertical columns below.

Review Questions

• Compare and contrast the characteristics of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian capitals.
  • Doric capitals are known for their simplicity and lack of ornamentation, featuring a plain design that reflects strength. In contrast, Ionic capitals incorporate volutes that add an elegant touch, making them more decorative. Corinthian capitals take this further with elaborate designs featuring acanthus leaves and scrolls, representing the height of classical ornamentation. Each style reflects different values and aesthetics within ancient Greek architecture.
• Discuss how capitals contribute to the overall structural integrity and visual appeal of ancient Greek architecture.
  • Capitals play a dual role in ancient Greek architecture by providing structural support while enhancing visual appeal. They transfer the load from the entablature above down to the column below, ensuring stability. Additionally, their distinct styles—Doric's robust simplicity, Ionic's graceful elegance, and Corinthian's elaborate ornamentation—add character to buildings, reflecting cultural values and artistic achievements. This combination of function and aesthetics is central to Greek architectural design.
• Evaluate the impact of different capital designs on the evolution of architectural styles beyond ancient Greece.
  • The evolution of capital designs has had a lasting impact on architectural styles beyond ancient Greece. As architects encountered Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian capitals throughout history, they adapted these forms into new contexts, influencing Roman architecture and later Renaissance designs. The ornamental aspects of capitals inspired Baroque architecture's dramatic flair and even modern interpretations in contemporary buildings. This continuity showcases how classical elements endure in architectural language while evolving to meet new artistic expressions and structural needs.

Related terms

Column:

A vertical structural element that supports a building or other structure, often characterized by its base, shaft, and capital.

Entablature:

The horizontal structure supported by columns, consisting of the architrave, frieze, and cornice, which works in conjunction with capitals.

Foliated Capital: A type of capital decorated with leaf-like motifs, often associated with the Corinthian order and emphasizing naturalistic design elements.