Stratigraphic Excavation

Definition

Stratigraphic excavation is an archaeological technique that involves the careful and systematic removal of soil layers to understand the chronological sequence of human activity at a site. This method helps archaeologists analyze the different strata, or layers of soil, to reveal how and when structures and artifacts were used, providing insights into the cultural and historical context of the site.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Stratigraphic excavation allows archaeologists to establish a timeline for the site by examining how different layers correspond to various periods of occupation or use.
2. The principle of superposition states that in undisturbed layers, older layers will be at the bottom while younger layers will be on top, which helps in dating artifacts and features.
3. This technique emphasizes the importance of context in archaeology, as understanding the relationships between artifacts can provide crucial insights into past human behavior.
4. Stratigraphic excavation is often labor-intensive and requires careful documentation to ensure that all findings are recorded accurately and can be analyzed later.
5. Different excavation methods, such as horizontal versus vertical digging, may be applied depending on the research goals and nature of the site.

Review Questions

• How does stratigraphic excavation contribute to our understanding of the chronological sequence of human activity at archaeological sites?
  • Stratigraphic excavation contributes to our understanding by allowing archaeologists to identify and analyze different soil layers that represent distinct periods of human activity. By carefully removing these layers, researchers can uncover artifacts and structures that are relevant to specific time frames. This process not only helps establish a timeline but also reveals patterns of behavior and cultural changes over time.
• Discuss the significance of context in stratigraphic excavation and how it impacts archaeological interpretation.
  • Context is crucial in stratigraphic excavation as it helps archaeologists understand the relationships between artifacts and their surroundings. The way items are distributed within different soil layers provides information about past human activities and environmental conditions. When artifacts are found together within a specific layer, it indicates they may have been used simultaneously or within the same cultural phase, leading to more accurate interpretations of historical events.
• Evaluate the challenges faced in stratigraphic excavation and how these challenges can affect research outcomes.
  • Challenges in stratigraphic excavation include dealing with disturbed layers due to natural processes or human interference, which can obscure chronological information. Additionally, varying soil conditions might complicate layer identification. If not managed properly, these issues could lead to incorrect conclusions about site usage or artifact dating. Therefore, meticulous documentation and careful methodology are essential to mitigate these challenges and ensure reliable research outcomes.

Related terms

Context: The relationship between artifacts and their surrounding environment, including the stratification and position of objects in relation to one another.

Excavation Units: Specific sections of an archaeological site that are excavated in a controlled manner to study particular features or deposits.

Site Formation Processes: The natural and cultural processes that affect how sites are formed, altered, and preserved over time, influencing what can be found during excavation.