Second Intermediate Period

Definition

The Second Intermediate Period refers to a time of political instability and fragmentation in ancient Egypt, typically dated from around 1782 to 1570 BCE. This era is marked by the rise of regional powers and the invasion of the Hyksos, who introduced new technologies and cultural practices that transformed Egyptian society. The period concluded with the Theban resistance against the Hyksos and their eventual expulsion, paving the way for the New Kingdom.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Second Intermediate Period is often viewed as a time of crisis for Egypt, characterized by the disintegration of centralized authority and regional fragmentation.
2. During this period, the Hyksos introduced new military technologies, such as the horse-drawn chariot and composite bow, which changed warfare in Egypt.
3. The period saw the establishment of several rival dynasties, including the 15th Dynasty ruled by the Hyksos and various local rulers in Upper Egypt.
4. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Hyksos embraced aspects of Egyptian culture while also bringing their own customs and practices, leading to a cultural exchange.
5. The eventual expulsion of the Hyksos by native Egyptian rulers marked a significant turning point, leading to the reunification of Egypt and the beginning of the New Kingdom.

Review Questions

• How did the rise of regional powers during the Second Intermediate Period impact Egypt's political landscape?
  • The rise of regional powers during the Second Intermediate Period led to significant political fragmentation within Egypt. Local rulers gained autonomy, undermining the traditional centralized authority of pharaohs. This decentralization allowed for different dynasties to emerge, competing for control over territories. The power struggles among these regional leaders set the stage for both conflict and eventual reunification under a central authority.
• Discuss how the arrival of the Hyksos influenced both military practices and cultural aspects in Egypt during this period.
  • The arrival of the Hyksos brought substantial changes to Egyptian military practices through their introduction of new technologies like horse-drawn chariots and advanced weaponry. This not only altered how warfare was conducted but also led to a cultural exchange as they integrated into Egyptian society. The Hyksos adopted certain aspects of Egyptian culture while introducing their customs, which influenced everything from art to administrative practices in Egypt.
• Evaluate the significance of Theban resistance in shaping the conclusion of the Second Intermediate Period and its impact on subsequent Egyptian history.
  • The Theban resistance against the Hyksos was pivotal in shaping the conclusion of the Second Intermediate Period. This grassroots movement galvanized various factions within Egypt to unite against foreign rule, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the Hyksos. The successful resistance fostered a renewed sense of national identity and paved the way for the establishment of the New Kingdom, marking a time of unprecedented prosperity and artistic achievement in ancient Egypt.

Related terms

Hyksos: A group of mixed Semitic people who settled in the Nile Delta and became rulers of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, significantly influencing Egyptian culture and military technology.

Thebes: An ancient Egyptian city that became a significant political and religious center, especially during the New Kingdom, and played a crucial role in the resistance against Hyksos rule.

Regionalism: A political trend where smaller states or regions gain power and autonomy, leading to fragmentation and competition, which was evident during the Second Intermediate Period in Egypt.