The loaning of money is when one party gives money to another with the expectation that it will be paid back, usually with interest.
It's like lending your friend a book from your personal library. You expect to get it back eventually (and maybe even hope for a small favor in return as thanks - that's like the interest).
Interest Rate: This is the proportion of a loan that is charged as interest to the borrower, typically expressed as an annual percentage of the loan outstanding.
Credit: Credit refers to an agreement where a borrower receives something of value now and agrees to repay the lender at some date in future, generally with interest.
Debt: Debt is something, typically money, that is owed or due. When you borrow money through a loan, you are in debt until you pay it back.
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