The Chaghatai Turco-Mongols were descendants from Chagatai Khan who was second son of Genghis Khan. They established their own khanate or region which covered parts Central Asia during Middle Ages.
Imagine if you had a huge pizza (the Mongol Empire) and divided it among your friends (Genghis Khan's sons). Each friend gets their own slice (khanate) to enjoy - this is what happened when Genghis Khan's empire was divided among his sons after his death.
Mongol Empire: This refers to one of largest empires in history founded by Genghis Khan in early 13th century covering large parts Asia and Europe.
Ilkhanate: This was one of four khanates into which Genghis Khan's empire was divided. It covered parts of present-day Iran, Iraq, and surrounding areas.
Golden Horde: Another of the four khanates from the division of Mongol Empire. It covered much of Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
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