key term - Catherine the Great

Definition

Catherine the Great was Empress of Russia from 1762 until her death in 1796, known for her efforts to modernize and expand the Russian Empire. Her reign marked a significant period of enlightenment, reform, and territorial expansion, influencing the dynamics of resistance to European expansion in various ways.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Catherine came to power following a coup that deposed her husband, Peter III, allowing her to enact reforms that strengthened the Russian state.
2. She was a patron of the arts and education, promoting the spread of Enlightenment ideas within Russia and establishing schools and institutions.
3. Catherine's foreign policy was aggressive, leading to significant territorial gains, including parts of Poland and access to warm-water ports on the Black Sea.
4. Under her rule, serfdom was intensified in Russia, despite her initial intentions to abolish it, reflecting the complexities of her reform agenda.
5. Catherine's legacy includes her role in expanding Russian influence in Europe and solidifying its status as a major power amidst growing resistance to European dominance.

Review Questions

• How did Catherine the Great's policies reflect the principles of the Enlightenment during her reign?
  • Catherine the Great embraced Enlightenment principles by advocating for reforms aimed at modernizing Russia, including promoting education and legal reforms. She engaged with Enlightenment thinkers and sought to implement ideas that emphasized rational governance and individual rights. However, while she initiated progressive changes, she ultimately maintained autocratic control, illustrating the tension between Enlightenment ideals and the realities of ruling an empire.
• Evaluate the impact of Catherine's foreign policy on Russia's territorial expansion and its relations with neighboring states.
  • Catherine's foreign policy significantly expanded Russian territory through military conflicts like the Russo-Turkish Wars and the partitions of Poland. Her successful campaigns against the Ottomans secured crucial ports on the Black Sea, enhancing Russia's trade routes and military capabilities. This expansion altered power dynamics in Eastern Europe and intensified rivalries with other European powers, shaping the geopolitical landscape in the region.
• Analyze how Catherine the Great's reign illustrates both resistance to European expansion and her role in facilitating it.
  • Catherine the Great's reign illustrates a duality in resistance and facilitation of European expansion. While she sought to modernize Russia and make it a formidable player in Europe, her aggressive territorial policies also reflected resistance against Ottoman influence and Western dominance. By expanding her empire at the expense of neighboring states like Poland, she not only resisted external threats but also contributed to a broader pattern of imperial competition among European powers during this period.

Related terms

Enlightenment:

An intellectual movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

Russo-Turkish Wars: A series of conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, which allowed Catherine to expand Russian territory significantly.

Partitions of Poland: The division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in the late 18th century, reflecting Catherine's expansionist policies.