💶ap macroeconomics review

key term - Bank Run

Definition

A bank run occurs when a large number of depositors withdraw their funds from a bank simultaneously due to concerns about the bank's solvency or financial health. This situation can lead to liquidity issues for the bank, as it may not have enough cash on hand to meet the sudden demand, potentially resulting in the bank's failure. The fear and panic among depositors can stem from rumors, economic downturns, or past events that shook public confidence in the banking system.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. Bank runs can escalate quickly, as the fear of insolvency spreads among depositors, prompting even those who were previously unconcerned to withdraw their funds.
  2. Historically, bank runs were more common before the establishment of federal deposit insurance in the U.S., which was created to stabilize the banking system.
  3. A bank run can create a self-fulfilling prophecy; if enough people believe a bank will fail and act on that belief by withdrawing their deposits, it can actually lead to the bank's collapse.
  4. During the Great Depression, widespread bank runs contributed to the failure of thousands of banks in the United States, leading to significant economic hardship.
  5. In modern economies, central banks often step in during a crisis to provide liquidity support to banks facing runs, aiming to restore confidence and stabilize the financial system.

Review Questions

  • How does a bank run illustrate the relationship between depositor confidence and a bank's liquidity?
    • A bank run highlights the critical link between depositor confidence and a bank's liquidity. When depositors lose trust in a bank's ability to safeguard their funds, they rush to withdraw their money, causing liquidity issues for the bank. As liquidity diminishes due to mass withdrawals, it becomes increasingly difficult for the bank to operate effectively, potentially leading to insolvency. This situation underscores how essential depositor trust is for maintaining the stability of financial institutions.
  • Evaluate the measures that can be implemented to prevent bank runs and maintain financial stability.
    • Preventing bank runs requires a combination of strategies aimed at bolstering depositor confidence and ensuring liquidity. Implementing deposit insurance programs is crucial as it guarantees depositors' funds up to a certain limit, reducing panic during financial uncertainty. Additionally, central banks can provide emergency liquidity assistance to struggling banks facing runs, while improving transparency and communication about a bank's financial health can help maintain public trust. These measures collectively work to create a more stable banking environment and minimize the risk of sudden withdrawals.
  • Analyze the implications of bank runs on both individual banks and the broader financial system during economic crises.
    • Bank runs can have severe implications not only for individual banks but also for the entire financial system during economic crises. When a single bank faces a run, it may collapse under pressure, leading to immediate losses for depositors and eroding public trust in other banks. This can create systemic risk, as fear can spread quickly among depositors of different institutions, prompting widespread withdrawals across multiple banks. Such behavior can destabilize the financial system as a whole, leading to cascading failures that require government intervention and support measures to restore confidence and order in the economy.