| alternative evidence | Different or additional evidence presented to challenge, contradict, or weaken an existing claim or argument. |
| claim | A statement or assertion that a writer makes and must support with evidence and reasoning in an argument. |
| competing claim | An alternative assertion or argument that opposes or contrasts with the writer's main claim. |
| competing position | An alternative claim or argument that opposes or contrasts with the writer's main position. |
| concede | To accept all or a portion of a competing position or claim as correct, or to acknowledge the limitations of one's own argument. |
| contradictory evidence | Evidence or information that conflicts with or challenges the writer's claims or position. |
| contrasting perspective | A viewpoint or interpretation that differs from or opposes another argument or position. |
| counterarguments | Arguments or evidence that oppose or challenge the writer's main claim. |
| credibility | The quality of being trustworthy and believable, established through the use of reliable evidence and sound reasoning. |
| evidence | Supporting details, examples, and information used to prove or defend a thesis. |
| opposing arguments | Arguments that contradict or challenge the writer's main position or thesis. |
| rebut | To offer a contrasting perspective on an argument and its evidence, or provide alternative evidence to challenge or invalidate a competing position or claim. |
| refute | To demonstrate using evidence that all or a portion of a competing position or claim is invalid or false. |
| transitions | Words or phrases that connect ideas and show relationships between sentences or paragraphs, such as 'however,' 'on the other hand,' or 'conversely.' |