Observation: The act of carefully watching and noting details about people, places, or events without interfering. For example, a geographer might observe the behavior of people in a public park.
Interviews: Conversations conducted by geographers with individuals or groups to collect information about their experiences or opinions. For instance, a geographer may interview residents of a neighborhood to understand their perspectives on gentrification.
Surveys: Questionnaires or polls designed by geographers to gather data from a specific population sample. A survey could be used to study transportation preferences among high school students in a certain area.