Epicureanism

Definition

Epicureanism is a philosophical system founded by Epicurus in the 4th century BCE that teaches the pursuit of pleasure and happiness through modest living, the cultivation of friendships, and the avoidance of pain. It emphasizes the importance of personal experience and rational thought in achieving a tranquil and pleasurable life. This philosophy influenced Roman culture, shaping attitudes toward mythology, ethics, and the nature of the gods.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Epicurus taught that pleasure should be understood as the absence of pain (aponia) and that mental pleasures are superior to physical ones.
2. Epicureanism promotes friendship as one of the greatest sources of happiness, encouraging individuals to build strong social connections.
3. Unlike hedonism, Epicureanism advocates for moderation and self-control, emphasizing that excessive desires can lead to suffering.
4. The Epicureans believed that the gods exist but are indifferent to human affairs, which diminished their fear of divine retribution.
5. Roman philosophers, like Lucretius, expanded on Epicurean ideas in works such as 'On the Nature of Things,' blending them with Roman culture and mythology.

Review Questions

• How does Epicureanism redefine the concept of pleasure compared to traditional views in ancient philosophy?
  • Epicureanism redefines pleasure by focusing on the absence of pain and advocating for mental over physical pleasures. While traditional views often linked pleasure with indulgence, Epicurus emphasized moderation and self-control to achieve true happiness. This understanding of pleasure as a state of tranquility rather than constant hedonistic pursuit was a significant departure from earlier philosophies.
• Discuss how Epicureanism's view on the gods impacts Roman mythology and religious practices.
  • Epicureanism's view that the gods exist but are indifferent to human lives had a profound impact on Roman mythology. This perspective encouraged individuals to seek personal happiness rather than fear divine punishment or intervention. As a result, many Romans began to adopt a more secular approach to religion, focusing on ethical living and personal fulfillment rather than strict adherence to rituals aimed at appeasing vengeful deities.
• Evaluate the lasting influence of Epicurean thought on later philosophical movements and modern conceptions of happiness.
  • Epicurean thought has significantly influenced later philosophical movements such as Stoicism and modern utilitarianism by promoting ideas about happiness grounded in personal experience and rational decision-making. Its emphasis on moderation, friendship, and the pursuit of ataraxia resonates with contemporary views on mental well-being. Moreover, as societies continue to explore the balance between pleasure and responsibility, Epicureanism remains relevant in discussions about achieving a fulfilling life without succumbing to excess or despair.

Related terms

Hedonism: A philosophical doctrine that argues pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of human life, often associated with indulgence in physical pleasures.

Ataraxia: A state of serene calmness and tranquility that Epicureans strive to achieve through their philosophical practices and lifestyle choices.

Materialism: The philosophical viewpoint that physical matter is the only or fundamental reality, which aligns with Epicurean beliefs about the nature of existence and the gods.