Epicureanism

Definition

Epicureanism is a philosophical system founded by Epicurus in the 4th century BCE, which emphasizes the pursuit of happiness through the attainment of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. This school of thought advocates for a life of moderation, intellectual contemplation, and the cultivation of friendships as key elements to achieving true fulfillment. Its influence can be seen across various aspects of Roman literature and philosophy, during the Nerva-Antonine Dynasty, and in the broader context of Greek philosophy's impact on Roman thought.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Epicureanism gained popularity in Rome during the late Republic and early Empire, influencing prominent figures such as Lucretius and Cicero.
2. The philosophy teaches that the greatest pleasure comes from intellectual pursuits and deep friendships rather than indulgence in physical desires.
3. Epicurus argued that fear of death is a significant source of human anxiety and that understanding mortality can lead to greater peace of mind.
4. The Garden of Epicurus, his school in Athens, was notable for being open to all, including women and slaves, reflecting its inclusive approach.
5. Epicureanism emphasized the importance of moderation in all things, advocating for a balanced lifestyle that avoids both excess and deprivation.

Review Questions

• How did Epicureanism influence Roman literature and philosophy during its peak?
  • Epicureanism significantly shaped Roman literature and philosophy by promoting ideas around pleasure, happiness, and the nature of reality. Thinkers like Lucretius incorporated Epicurean themes into their works, discussing how understanding nature leads to tranquility. The influence is evident in poetic expressions about life’s pleasures and philosophical debates regarding ethics and happiness found in texts from this period.
• What role did Epicureanism play during the Nerva-Antonine Dynasty in shaping cultural attitudes towards pleasure and happiness?
  • During the Nerva-Antonine Dynasty, Epicureanism contributed to a cultural shift that emphasized personal happiness and well-being over rigid moral codes. The ruling class began to embrace ideas about seeking pleasure through philosophy and art rather than traditional values alone. This shift can be seen in the writings of philosophers and poets who explored themes of friendship, tranquility, and enjoyment of life's simple pleasures, reflecting a more hedonistic yet moderate societal outlook.
• Critically analyze how Epicureanism contrasts with Stoicism in terms of their views on happiness and the good life.
  • Epicureanism contrasts sharply with Stoicism in its approach to happiness and the good life. While Epicureans advocate for the pursuit of pleasure as central to achieving happiness, emphasizing enjoyment derived from relationships and knowledge, Stoics focus on virtue and self-control as essential. They believe that true happiness comes from within through rational thought and endurance against external circumstances. This philosophical dichotomy reveals fundamental differences in how each system views human desires, emotions, and life's challenges.

Related terms

Hedonism: A philosophical perspective that defines pleasure as the highest good, often focusing on sensual gratification.

Ataraxia: A state of serene calmness and freedom from distress or worry, which is a central goal in Epicurean thought.

Stoicism:

A contrasting philosophical system that teaches self-control, virtue, and rationality as means to achieve a good life, often emphasizing endurance of pain and adversity.