Amphetamine

Definition

Amphetamine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that increases the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. This class of drugs is often used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, but it also has a history of recreational use due to its euphoric effects. Understanding amphetamines is crucial when discussing their impact on the autonomic system and how they can alter physiological responses.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Amphetamines can enhance alertness, concentration, and energy levels, which is why they are commonly prescribed for ADHD.
2. These drugs can lead to increased heart rate and blood pressure by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system.
3. Chronic use or high doses of amphetamines can result in addiction and various health issues, including cardiovascular problems.
4. Withdrawal from amphetamines may cause fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbances due to changes in neurotransmitter levels.
5. Amphetamines have potential for misuse and illegal distribution, leading to significant social and health concerns.

Review Questions

• How do amphetamines affect neurotransmitter release and what implications does this have on the autonomic system?
  • Amphetamines primarily increase the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, which enhances mood, alertness, and cognitive function. This stimulation has direct effects on the autonomic system by activating the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure. The resulting physiological changes can be beneficial for treating conditions like ADHD but may pose risks if misused or abused.
• Discuss the potential risks associated with long-term use of amphetamines on the cardiovascular system.
  • Long-term use of amphetamines can lead to significant cardiovascular risks including hypertension, arrhythmias, and even heart failure. The stimulatory effects on the sympathetic nervous system cause persistent elevation in heart rate and blood pressure, which may contribute to vascular damage over time. Additionally, individuals may develop tolerance, leading them to take higher doses, further increasing these risks.
• Evaluate the societal implications of amphetamine misuse in relation to public health concerns.
  • Amphetamine misuse presents serious public health challenges, including increased rates of addiction, mental health disorders, and healthcare costs associated with treating related conditions. The widespread availability of prescription stimulants has led to their diversion for non-medical use, often among young adults seeking cognitive enhancement or recreational effects. This misuse exacerbates existing health disparities and strains healthcare resources, necessitating a comprehensive approach to prevention and treatment strategies.

Related terms

Sympathomimetic: Drugs that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, similar to the effects of amphetamines.

Dopamine:

A neurotransmitter involved in reward, motivation, and motor control, which is significantly affected by amphetamines.

Stimulants: A broader class of drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system, including amphetamines and other substances like caffeine and cocaine.