Anatomy and Physiology I

Unit 1 – An Introduction to the Human Body

Unit 2 – The Chemical Level of Organization

Unit 3 – The Cellular Level of Organization

Unit 4 – The Tissue Level of Organization

Unit 5 – The Integumentary System

Unit 6 – Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System

Unit 7 – Axial Skeleton

Unit 8 – The Appendicular Skeleton

Unit 9 – Joints

Unit 10 – Muscle Tissue

Unit 11 – The Muscular System

Unit 12 – The Nervous System: Tissue & Function

Unit 13 – Anatomy of the Nervous System

Unit 14 – The Somatic Nervous System

Unit 15 – The Autonomic Nervous System

Unit 16 – The Neurological Exam

Unit 17 – The Endocrine System

Unit 18 – The Cardiovascular System – Blood

Unit 19 – The Cardiovascular System – The Heart

Unit 20 – Cardiovascular System: Blood & Circulation

Unit 21 – The Lymphatic and Immune System

Unit 22 – The Respiratory System

Unit 23 – The Digestive System

Unit 24 – Metabolism and Nutrition

Unit 25 – The Urinary System

Unit 26 – Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Homeostasis

Unit 27 – The Reproductive System

Unit 28 – Development and Inheritance

## What do you learn in Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology covers the structure and function of the human body. You'll explore body systems like skeletal, muscular, nervous, and cardiovascular. The course dives into cell biology, tissues, organs, and how they all work together. You'll learn about homeostasis, body chemistry, and how different systems interact to keep us alive and kicking.

## Is Anatomy & Physiology hard?

A&P has a rep for being tough, and yeah, it can be challenging. There's a ton of info to memorize, like bone names, muscle groups, and body processes. The concepts can get pretty complex too. But here's the thing: if you're into how the body works, it's actually super interesting. Stay on top of the material, and you'll be fine. It's not impossible, just takes some serious effort.

## Tips for taking Anatomy & Physiology in college

1. Use [Fiveable Study Guides](https://fiveable.me/cram-mode) to help you cram 🌶️
2. Make flashcards for all those body parts and processes
3. Draw diagrams to visualize concepts like the heart's blood flow
4. Join study groups to quiz each other on muscle functions
5. Use mnemonics for remembering stuff like cranial nerves
6. Watch YouTube videos explaining tricky concepts like action potentials
7. Practice labeling blank anatomy diagrams
8. Relate what you're learning to your own body (like feeling your pulse)
9. Check out documentaries like "The Incredible Human Journey" for context
10. Use 3D anatomy apps to explore body systems interactively

## Common pre-requisites for Anatomy & Physiology

1. General Biology: Covers basic principles of life, including cell structure, genetics, and evolution. This course lays the foundation for understanding more complex biological systems.

2. Chemistry: Introduces atomic structure, chemical bonding, and basic reactions. It's crucial for understanding the biochemical processes in the human body.

3. Human Biology: Focuses specifically on human body systems and their functions. This course provides a solid intro to human anatomy and physiology concepts.

## Classes similar to Anatomy & Physiology

1. Microbiology: Explores the world of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. You'll learn about their structure, function, and impact on human health.

2. Pathophysiology: Examines how diseases affect normal body functions. This course dives into the mechanisms behind various disorders and their effects on different body systems.

3. Kinesiology: Studies human movement and body mechanics. You'll learn about muscle actions, joint movements, and how the body generates and controls motion.

4. Neuroscience: Focuses on the nervous system, including brain structure and function. This course explores how neurons work, brain regions, and cognitive processes.

## Majors related to Anatomy & Physiology

1. Nursing: Focuses on patient care, health promotion, and disease prevention. Nurses work directly with patients, applying their knowledge of anatomy and physiology in clinical settings.

2. Physical Therapy: Involves rehabilitating patients with injuries or disabilities. Physical therapists use their understanding of body mechanics and anatomy to develop treatment plans.

3. Exercise Science: Studies how the body responds to physical activity. Exercise scientists apply their knowledge to improve athletic performance, fitness, and overall health.

4. Pre-Med: Prepares students for medical school and a career as a physician. Pre-med students take a wide range of science courses, including anatomy and physiology, to build a strong foundation for medical studies.

## What can you do with a degree in Anatomy & Physiology?

1. Medical Illustrator: Creates visual representations of anatomical structures and medical procedures. They combine artistic skills with scientific knowledge to produce accurate and informative illustrations for textbooks, medical journals, and educational materials.

2. Physician Assistant: Works under the supervision of doctors to diagnose and treat patients. PAs perform physical exams, order tests, prescribe medications, and assist in surgeries.

3. Research Scientist: Conducts studies on human biology and health. They might work in labs, universities, or pharmaceutical companies, investigating new treatments or exploring how the body functions.

4. Forensic Anthropologist: Analyzes human remains to assist in criminal investigations. They use their knowledge of skeletal anatomy to determine age, sex, and cause of death from bones.

## Anatomy & Physiology FAQs

1. How much memorization is involved? There's quite a bit, especially for bones, muscles, and body systems. But don't worry, you'll develop strategies to make it manageable.

2. Are lab sessions included in the course? Most A&P courses include lab work where you'll dissect specimens and use microscopes. It's hands-on learning that really helps solidify the concepts.

3. How does this course relate to medical fields? A&P is foundational for pretty much any healthcare career. It gives you the basic understanding of how the body works, which is crucial for diagnosing and treating patients.

4. Can I take A&P online? Many schools offer online options, but be prepared for virtual labs. You might miss out on some hands-on experience, but it can be more flexible for your schedule.

Biology

1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body 

1.3 Functions of Human Life 

1.4 Requirements for Human Life 

1.5 Homeostasis 

1.6 Anatomical Terminology 

1.7 Medical Imaging 

2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter 

2.2 Chemical Bonds 

2.3 Chemical Reactions 

2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning 

2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning 

3.1 The Cell Membrane 

3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles 

3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication 

3.4 Protein Synthesis 

3.5 Cell Growth and Division 

3.6 Cellular Differentiation 

4.1 Types of Tissues 

4.2 Epithelial Tissue 

4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects 

4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion 

4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response 

4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging 

5.1 Layers of the Skin 

5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 

5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System 

5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System 

6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System 

6.2 Bone Classification 

6.3 Bone Structure 

6.4 Bone Formation and Development 

6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair 

6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue 

6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems 

7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 

7.2 The Skull 

7.3 The Vertebral Column 

7.4 The Thoracic Cage 

7.5 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton 

8.1 The Pectoral Girdle 

8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb 

8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis 

8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb 

8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton 

9.1 Classification of Joints 

9.2 Fibrous Joints 

9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 

9.4 Synovial Joints 

9.5 Types of Body Movements 

9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints 

9.7 Development of Joints 

10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues 

10.2 Skeletal Muscle 

10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation 

10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension 

10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers 

10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance 

10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 

10.8 Smooth Muscle 

10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue 

11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems 

11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles 

11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back 

11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax 

11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs 

11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs 

12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System 

12.2 Nervous Tissue 

12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue 

12.4 The Action Potential 

12.5 Communication Between Neurons 

13.1 The Embryologic Perspective 

13.2 The Central Nervous System 

13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System 

13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System 

14.1 Sensory Perception 

14.2 Central Processing 

14.3 Motor Responses 

15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 

15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis 

15.3 Central Control 

15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System 

16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam 

16.2 The Mental Status Exam 

16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam 

16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams 

16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams 

17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System 

17.2 Hormones 

17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 

17.4 The Thyroid Gland 

17.5 The Parathyroid Glands 

17.6 The Adrenal Glands 

17.7 The Pineal Gland 

17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones 

17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas 

17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions 

17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System 

18.1 An Overview of Blood 

18.2 Production of the Formed Elements 

18.3 Erythrocytes 

18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets 

18.5 Hemostasis 

18.6 Blood Typing 

19.1 Heart Anatomy 

19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity 

19.3 Cardiac Cycle 

19.4 Cardiac Physiology 

19.5 Development of the Heart 

20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels 

20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance 

20.3 Capillary Exchange 

20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System 

20.5 Circulatory Pathways 

20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation 

21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems 

21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response 

21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types 

21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies 

21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens 

21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses 

21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology 

22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System 

22.2 The Lungs 

22.3 The Process of Breathing 

22.4 Gas Exchange 

22.5 Transport of Gases 

22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions 

22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System 

23.1 Overview of the Digestive System 

23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation 

23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus 

23.4 The Stomach 

23.5 The Small and Large Intestines 

23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder 

23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look 

24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions 

24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 

24.3 Lipid Metabolism 

24.4 Protein Metabolism 

24.5 Metabolic States of the Body 

24.6 Energy and Heat Balance 

24.7 Nutrition and Diet 

25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine 

25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport 

25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney 

25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney 

25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation 

25.6 Tubular Reabsorption 

25.7 Regulation of Renal Blood Flow 

25.8 Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function 

25.9 Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition 

25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis 

26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments 

26.2 Water Balance 

26.3 Electrolyte Balance 

26.4 Acid-Base Balance 

26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance 

27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Testicular Reproductive System 

27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovarian Reproductive System 

27.3 Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems 

28.1 Fertilization 

28.2 Embryonic Development 

28.3 Fetal Development 

28.4 Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth 

28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages 

28.6 Lactation 

28.7 Patterns of Inheritance 

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