Westward expansion

Definition

Westward expansion refers to the period in American history when settlers moved into and developed land west of the Mississippi River, significantly shaping the nation’s landscape, economy, and demographics. This movement was fueled by a belief in Manifest Destiny, the idea that Americans were destined to expand across the continent, and had profound implications for indigenous populations, territorial governance, and economic development.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Westward expansion was driven by various factors including economic opportunity, land availability, and the belief in Manifest Destiny.
2. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the size of the United States and opened vast areas for exploration and settlement.
3. The Oregon Trail became one of the most famous routes for settlers heading west, facilitating migration to the Pacific Northwest.
4. Railroads played a crucial role in westward expansion by connecting the eastern states with western territories and facilitating trade and travel.
5. This period saw significant conflicts between settlers and Native Americans as indigenous populations were displaced from their lands, leading to numerous wars and treaties.

Review Questions

• How did Manifest Destiny influence attitudes towards westward expansion during the 19th century?
  • Manifest Destiny significantly shaped public perception and policy regarding westward expansion. It promoted the belief that Americans had a divine right to spread across North America, which encouraged settlement in western territories. This ideology justified not only the migration of settlers but also actions taken against Native American tribes and other nations, fostering a sense of national purpose and entitlement that fueled territorial claims.
• Discuss the impact of the Homestead Act on westward expansion and settlement patterns in the United States.
  • The Homestead Act of 1862 had a transformative effect on westward expansion by providing an accessible pathway for many Americans to acquire land. By allowing individuals to claim up to 160 acres of public land at minimal cost after living on it for five years, the act incentivized migration to western territories. This led to increased agricultural development, but also contributed to tensions with Native American tribes as their lands were increasingly encroached upon by settlers seeking new opportunities.
• Evaluate the long-term consequences of westward expansion on Native American communities and U.S. policy.
  • Westward expansion had lasting negative consequences for Native American communities, including widespread displacement, loss of traditional lands, and cultural upheaval. U.S. policy often reflected this disregard for indigenous rights, exemplified by forced relocations such as the Trail of Tears. The resulting treaties frequently favored settlers and contributed to a legacy of broken agreements, conflicts, and social disruption that would affect Native communities for generations, shaping their struggles for rights and recognition in contemporary America.

Related terms

Manifest Destiny: The 19th-century doctrine that justified American expansion across the continent as a divine right.

Homestead Act: A law passed in 1862 that granted land to settlers for a small fee, encouraging westward migration.

Trail of Tears: The forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to designated 'Indian Territory' in the 1830s, resulting in significant suffering and loss of life.