W.E.B. Du Bois

Definition

W.E.B. Du Bois was a prominent African American scholar, sociologist, and civil rights activist, known for his role in advocating for racial equality and higher education for African Americans in the early 20th century. His influential writings and ideas laid the groundwork for the intellectual and cultural movements that characterized the Harlem Renaissance, shaping discussions on identity, race, and social justice.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1895, making significant contributions to sociology and history.
2. He co-founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909, which became a key organization in the fight for civil rights.
3. Du Bois emphasized the importance of education as a means for African Americans to achieve equality and empowerment, arguing against Booker T. Washington's more accommodationist approach.
4. He is known for his concept of 'double consciousness,' which describes the internal conflict experienced by marginalized groups in a racially divided society.
5. Du Bois's later work took a more radical turn, as he became increasingly critical of capitalism and imperialism, ultimately moving to Ghana in 1961 where he became a citizen.

Review Questions

• How did W.E.B. Du Bois's ideas about education differ from those of his contemporaries, particularly Booker T. Washington?
  • W.E.B. Du Bois believed in the importance of higher education for African Americans, arguing that it was essential for developing leadership and advancing civil rights. In contrast, Booker T. Washington advocated for vocational training and economic self-help as a means to improve the status of African Americans. Du Bois thought Washington's approach was too accommodating to white supremacy, while he championed a more direct pursuit of political rights and social justice through an educated elite.
• Discuss how Du Bois's concept of 'double consciousness' reflects the experiences of African Americans during his time and its relevance in later literary works.
  • Du Bois's concept of 'double consciousness' highlights the internal struggle faced by African Americans as they navigate their identities within a racially prejudiced society. This idea captures the tension between how they see themselves and how they are perceived by the dominant culture. Later literary works, including Ralph Ellison's 'Invisible Man,' expand on this theme by illustrating characters grappling with their identities amidst societal expectations and racial stereotypes.
• Evaluate Du Bois's legacy within the broader context of African American literature and activism throughout the 20th century.
  • W.E.B. Du Bois's legacy is profound within both African American literature and activism, as he not only influenced writers during the Harlem Renaissance but also set a foundation for later civil rights movements. His writings provided critical insights into race relations, identity, and social justice that informed generations of activists and writers. Figures like Ralph Ellison and Langston Hughes were inspired by Du Bois's thought, leading to an enduring impact on both literary expression and ongoing struggles for equality in America.

Related terms

Niagara Movement: A group of African American activists, co-founded by Du Bois in 1905, that sought to promote civil rights and social change through direct action and advocacy for full political rights.

The Souls of Black Folk: A seminal work published by Du Bois in 1903 that explores the complexities of African American identity, double consciousness, and the struggle for civil rights.

Talented Tenth: A concept introduced by Du Bois referring to the idea that a select group of highly educated and skilled African Americans should lead the fight for racial equality and uplift the community.