intro to computer programming unit 9 study guides

Key Concepts

• File I/O involves reading data from and writing data to files on a computer's storage system
• Files serve as a persistent storage mechanism to retain data even after a program terminates
• File operations include opening, reading, writing, and closing files using programming languages and libraries
• File paths specify the location of a file within the directory structure (absolute path or relative path)
• File modes determine the purpose of opening a file such as read mode, write mode, or append mode
• Text files store human-readable characters and are commonly used for plain text data
• Binary files store data in binary format and are used for non-text data like images or executable files

File Basics

• A file is a named location on a storage device used to persistently store data for later retrieval
• Files are organized within a directory structure consisting of folders and subfolders
• Each file has a unique name within its directory to identify and access it
• File extensions indicate the type of data stored in the file (.txt for text files, .jpg for images)
  • Extensions help operating systems and applications determine how to handle the file
• Files have attributes such as size, creation date, modification date, and permissions
• Opening a file establishes a connection between the program and the file on the storage device
• Closing a file properly is important to ensure data integrity and release system resources

Reading from Files

• Reading from a file involves opening the file in read mode and extracting its contents into the program
• Files can be read as a whole or line by line depending on the requirements and file size
• Text files can be read using methods like read(), readline(), or readlines()
  • read() reads the entire contents of the file as a single string
  • readline() reads a single line from the file
  • readlines() reads all lines and returns them as a list of strings
• Binary files require specific methods to read their contents based on the file format
• It's important to handle file reading errors gracefully using exception handling techniques
• After reading from a file, it should be properly closed to free up system resources

Writing to Files

• Writing to a file involves opening the file in write mode and storing data from the program into the file
• File writing can be done in different modes:
  • Write mode (w) overwrites the existing file content if the file already exists
  • Append mode (a) adds new data to the end of the file, preserving the existing content
• Text files can be written using methods like write() and writelines()
  • write() writes a single string to the file
  • writelines() writes a list of strings to the file
• Binary files require specific methods to write data based on the file format
• It's crucial to handle file writing errors and exceptions to prevent data loss or corruption
• Closing the file after writing ensures that all data is properly saved to the storage device

Exception Handling Fundamentals

• Exception handling is a mechanism to deal with runtime errors and exceptional situations in a program
• Exceptions are events that disrupt the normal flow of program execution
• When an exception occurs, the program transfers control to a special block of code called an exception handler
• Exception handlers are defined using try, except, and optionally finally blocks
  • The try block contains the code that may raise an exception
  • The except block specifies the code to handle specific exceptions
  • The finally block contains cleanup code that always executes, regardless of exceptions
• Multiple except blocks can be used to handle different types of exceptions separately
• Exception objects contain information about the exception, such as the error message and traceback
• Raising exceptions manually using the raise statement allows custom error handling

Common File I/O Exceptions

• FileNotFoundError: Raised when trying to open a file that does not exist
• PermissionError: Raised when the program lacks sufficient permissions to access or modify a file
• IOError: Raised when an input/output operation fails, such as reading from or writing to a file
• ValueError: Raised when attempting to read or write data in an invalid format
• UnicodeDecodeError: Raised when encountering an error while decoding Unicode characters from a file
• OSError: Raised when an operating system-related error occurs during file operations
• Handling these exceptions appropriately ensures graceful error recovery and prevents program crashes

Best Practices and Tips

• Always close files after reading from or writing to them to release system resources
• Use the with statement for automatic file closing and exception handling
• Specify the file encoding when working with text files to handle different character sets correctly
• Validate file paths and check for file existence before performing file operations
• Use appropriate file modes based on the intended operation (read, write, append)
• Handle exceptions specific to file I/O operations to provide meaningful error messages and recovery mechanisms
• Perform input validation and data sanitization when reading from files to prevent security vulnerabilities
• Consider using libraries like csv or json for handling structured file formats efficiently

Hands-On Examples

• Reading a text file line by line and counting the number of lines:

  with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
      line_count = 0
      for line in file:
          line_count += 1
      print(f'The file has {line_count} lines.')
  

• Writing data to a file in append mode:

  data = ['New line 1', 'New line 2', 'New line 3']
  with open('example.txt', 'a') as file:
      file.writelines('\n'.join(data))
  

• Handling exceptions while reading from a file:

  try:
      with open('nonexistent.txt', 'r') as file:
          content = file.read()
  except FileNotFoundError:
      print('The specified file does not exist.')
  except IOError:
      print('An error occurred while reading the file.')
  

• Copying the contents of one file to another file:

  with open('source.txt', 'r') as source_file, open('destination.txt', 'w') as dest_file:
      content = source_file.read()
      dest_file.write(content)