Intro to American Government

🎟️Intro to American Government Unit 5 – Civil Rights

Civil rights in America have evolved through landmark legislation, court decisions, and social movements. From the Emancipation Proclamation to the Civil Rights Act, these milestones have expanded legal protections and equality for marginalized groups. Despite progress, challenges persist. Ongoing debates around affirmative action, voter suppression, and discrimination highlight the need for continued advocacy. Modern movements like Black Lives Matter and #MeToo continue to push for greater equality and justice in society.

Key Events and Milestones

  • Emancipation Proclamation (1863) declared all slaves in Confederate states free during the Civil War
  • 13th Amendment (1865) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States
    • Exceptions made for punishment of a crime
  • 14th Amendment (1868) granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born in the U.S.
    • Birthright citizenship included former slaves
  • 15th Amendment (1870) prohibited denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
  • Executive Order 9981 (1948) issued by President Truman desegregated the U.S. armed forces
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court decision declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional
  • Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
    • Prohibited segregation in public accommodations and employment
  • Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned discriminatory voting practices and ensured voting rights for African Americans

Constitutional Foundations

  • Declaration of Independence (1776) asserted that "all men are created equal" and have unalienable rights
    • Laid the groundwork for the idea of equality under the law
  • U.S. Constitution (1787) established a framework for a federal government and the rule of law
    • Initially allowed slavery and counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes
  • Bill of Rights (1791) guaranteed individual liberties and limited the power of the federal government
    • First Amendment protects freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, which have been crucial for civil rights movements
  • 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause (1868) requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons
    • Has been used to challenge discriminatory laws and practices
  • 15th Amendment (1870) and 19th Amendment (1920) expanded voting rights to African Americans and women, respectively
  • Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause have been used to justify federal civil rights legislation

Major Civil Rights Movements

  • Abolitionist Movement (1830s-1860s) sought to end slavery and promote racial equality
    • Key figures included Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison
  • Women's Suffrage Movement (1848-1920) fought for women's right to vote
    • Culminated in the passage of the 19th Amendment
  • Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968) aimed to end racial discrimination and segregation
    • Involved boycotts (Montgomery Bus Boycott), marches (March on Washington), and civil disobedience
  • Chicano Movement (1960s-1970s) advocated for Mexican American civil rights and cultural identity
    • Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta led the United Farm Workers union
  • American Indian Movement (1968-1978) fought for Native American rights and sovereignty
    • Occupied Alcatraz Island and staged the Wounded Knee incident
  • LGBTQ+ Rights Movement (1969-present) seeks equal rights and protections for LGBTQ+ individuals
    • Stonewall Riots (1969) marked a turning point in the movement
  • Disability Rights Movement (1970s-present) works to ensure equal rights and accessibility for people with disabilities
    • Passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) was a major milestone

Landmark Court Cases

  • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned Plessy and declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional
    • Desegregation of schools faced resistance (Little Rock Nine)
  • Loving v. Virginia (1967) struck down state laws banning interracial marriage
  • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) upheld affirmative action in college admissions but ruled against racial quotas
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) established a constitutional right to abortion based on the right to privacy
    • Overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) legalized same-sex marriage nationwide under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause
  • Shelby County v. Holder (2013) struck down key provisions of the Voting Rights Act, leading to increased voter suppression efforts

Legislative Achievements

  • Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
    • Title VII banned employment discrimination
  • Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned discriminatory voting practices and ensured voting rights for African Americans
    • Included provisions for federal oversight of elections in certain jurisdictions
  • Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing
  • Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibited sex discrimination in federally funded education programs
    • Has been used to promote gender equity in sports
  • Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) prohibited discrimination against individuals with disabilities in employment, public accommodations, and transportation
    • Required reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities
  • Family and Medical Leave Act (1993) provided job-protected leave for certain family and medical reasons
  • Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009) expanded the time frame for filing pay discrimination claims
  • Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (2009) expanded federal hate crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability

Key Figures and Leaders

  • Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement known for his nonviolent resistance and powerful oratory
    • Delivered the famous "I Have a Dream" speech during the March on Washington
  • Rosa Parks sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger
  • Malcolm X was a influential Black Muslim leader who advocated for black empowerment and self-determination
  • Thurgood Marshall was the first African American Supreme Court Justice and argued the Brown v. Board of Education case
  • Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta co-founded the United Farm Workers union and led the Delano Grape Strike
  • Gloria Steinem was a prominent feminist activist and co-founded Ms. magazine
  • Harvey Milk was the first openly gay elected official in California and advocated for LGBTQ+ rights
  • Ruth Bader Ginsburg was a Supreme Court Justice known for her advocacy of gender equality and women's rights

Ongoing Challenges and Debates

  • Racial profiling and police brutality disproportionately affect communities of color
    • Black Lives Matter movement has brought attention to these issues
  • Voter suppression efforts, such as strict voter ID laws and closing polling places, disproportionately impact minority voters
  • Affirmative action in education and employment remains controversial
    • Some argue it is necessary to address historical inequalities, while others claim it is a form of reverse discrimination
  • LGBTQ+ individuals still face discrimination and violence, particularly transgender individuals
    • Debates over transgender rights, such as bathroom access and participation in sports, continue
  • Gender pay gap persists, with women earning less than men on average
    • Intersectionality of race and gender exacerbates the pay gap for women of color
  • Accessibility for individuals with disabilities is still lacking in many areas
    • Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act remains a challenge
  • Immigration reform and the rights of undocumented immigrants are ongoing sources of political debate
    • DREAM Act and DACA have sought to provide a path to citizenship for certain undocumented immigrants

Impact on Modern Society

  • Increased diversity and representation in politics, with more women, people of color, and LGBTQ+ individuals holding elected office
    • Election of Barack Obama as the first African American president in 2008
  • Affirmative action policies have led to increased diversity in higher education and the workforce
    • Debate continues over the fairness and effectiveness of these policies
  • Desegregation of public spaces and institutions has led to greater social integration
    • Lingering de facto segregation in housing and education remains a challenge
  • Expansion of voting rights has led to increased political participation among historically marginalized groups
    • Efforts to suppress voting rights continue to be a concern
  • Growing recognition of intersectionality and the unique challenges faced by individuals with multiple marginalized identities
    • Kimberle Crenshaw coined the term to describe the intersection of race and gender discrimination
  • Ongoing social movements (Black Lives Matter, #MeToo) continue to push for greater equality and justice
    • Role of social media in organizing and amplifying these movements
  • Increased legal protections and recognition for LGBTQ+ individuals, including the right to marry and protection from employment discrimination
    • Challenges remain, particularly for transgender rights and acceptance
  • Greater accessibility and accommodations for individuals with disabilities in public spaces, transportation, and employment
    • Continued advocacy needed to ensure full inclusion and equal opportunities


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© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.