🎟️Intro to American Government Unit 5 – Civil Rights
Civil rights in America have evolved through landmark legislation, court decisions, and social movements. From the Emancipation Proclamation to the Civil Rights Act, these milestones have expanded legal protections and equality for marginalized groups.
Despite progress, challenges persist. Ongoing debates around affirmative action, voter suppression, and discrimination highlight the need for continued advocacy. Modern movements like Black Lives Matter and #MeToo continue to push for greater equality and justice in society.
Emancipation Proclamation (1863) declared all slaves in Confederate states free during the Civil War
13th Amendment (1865) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States
Exceptions made for punishment of a crime
14th Amendment (1868) granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born in the U.S.
Birthright citizenship included former slaves
15th Amendment (1870) prohibited denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
Executive Order 9981 (1948) issued by President Truman desegregated the U.S. armed forces
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court decision declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional
Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Prohibited segregation in public accommodations and employment
Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned discriminatory voting practices and ensured voting rights for African Americans
Constitutional Foundations
Declaration of Independence (1776) asserted that "all men are created equal" and have unalienable rights
Laid the groundwork for the idea of equality under the law
U.S. Constitution (1787) established a framework for a federal government and the rule of law
Initially allowed slavery and counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes
Bill of Rights (1791) guaranteed individual liberties and limited the power of the federal government
First Amendment protects freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, which have been crucial for civil rights movements
14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause (1868) requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons
Has been used to challenge discriminatory laws and practices
15th Amendment (1870) and 19th Amendment (1920) expanded voting rights to African Americans and women, respectively
Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause have been used to justify federal civil rights legislation
Major Civil Rights Movements
Abolitionist Movement (1830s-1860s) sought to end slavery and promote racial equality
Key figures included Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison
Women's Suffrage Movement (1848-1920) fought for women's right to vote
Culminated in the passage of the 19th Amendment
Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968) aimed to end racial discrimination and segregation
Involved boycotts (Montgomery Bus Boycott), marches (March on Washington), and civil disobedience
Chicano Movement (1960s-1970s) advocated for Mexican American civil rights and cultural identity
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta led the United Farm Workers union
American Indian Movement (1968-1978) fought for Native American rights and sovereignty
Occupied Alcatraz Island and staged the Wounded Knee incident
LGBTQ+ Rights Movement (1969-present) seeks equal rights and protections for LGBTQ+ individuals
Stonewall Riots (1969) marked a turning point in the movement
Disability Rights Movement (1970s-present) works to ensure equal rights and accessibility for people with disabilities
Passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) was a major milestone
Landmark Court Cases
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned Plessy and declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional
Desegregation of schools faced resistance (Little Rock Nine)
Loving v. Virginia (1967) struck down state laws banning interracial marriage
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) upheld affirmative action in college admissions but ruled against racial quotas
Roe v. Wade (1973) established a constitutional right to abortion based on the right to privacy
Overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) legalized same-sex marriage nationwide under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause
Shelby County v. Holder (2013) struck down key provisions of the Voting Rights Act, leading to increased voter suppression efforts
Legislative Achievements
Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Title VII banned employment discrimination
Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned discriminatory voting practices and ensured voting rights for African Americans
Included provisions for federal oversight of elections in certain jurisdictions
Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibited sex discrimination in federally funded education programs
Has been used to promote gender equity in sports
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) prohibited discrimination against individuals with disabilities in employment, public accommodations, and transportation
Required reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities
Family and Medical Leave Act (1993) provided job-protected leave for certain family and medical reasons
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009) expanded the time frame for filing pay discrimination claims
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (2009) expanded federal hate crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability
Key Figures and Leaders
Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement known for his nonviolent resistance and powerful oratory
Delivered the famous "I Have a Dream" speech during the March on Washington
Rosa Parks sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger
Malcolm X was a influential Black Muslim leader who advocated for black empowerment and self-determination
Thurgood Marshall was the first African American Supreme Court Justice and argued the Brown v. Board of Education case
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta co-founded the United Farm Workers union and led the Delano Grape Strike
Gloria Steinem was a prominent feminist activist and co-founded Ms. magazine
Harvey Milk was the first openly gay elected official in California and advocated for LGBTQ+ rights
Ruth Bader Ginsburg was a Supreme Court Justice known for her advocacy of gender equality and women's rights
Ongoing Challenges and Debates
Racial profiling and police brutality disproportionately affect communities of color
Black Lives Matter movement has brought attention to these issues
Voter suppression efforts, such as strict voter ID laws and closing polling places, disproportionately impact minority voters
Affirmative action in education and employment remains controversial
Some argue it is necessary to address historical inequalities, while others claim it is a form of reverse discrimination
LGBTQ+ individuals still face discrimination and violence, particularly transgender individuals
Debates over transgender rights, such as bathroom access and participation in sports, continue
Gender pay gap persists, with women earning less than men on average
Intersectionality of race and gender exacerbates the pay gap for women of color
Accessibility for individuals with disabilities is still lacking in many areas
Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act remains a challenge
Immigration reform and the rights of undocumented immigrants are ongoing sources of political debate
DREAM Act and DACA have sought to provide a path to citizenship for certain undocumented immigrants
Impact on Modern Society
Increased diversity and representation in politics, with more women, people of color, and LGBTQ+ individuals holding elected office
Election of Barack Obama as the first African American president in 2008
Affirmative action policies have led to increased diversity in higher education and the workforce
Debate continues over the fairness and effectiveness of these policies
Desegregation of public spaces and institutions has led to greater social integration
Lingering de facto segregation in housing and education remains a challenge
Expansion of voting rights has led to increased political participation among historically marginalized groups
Efforts to suppress voting rights continue to be a concern
Growing recognition of intersectionality and the unique challenges faced by individuals with multiple marginalized identities
Kimberle Crenshaw coined the term to describe the intersection of race and gender discrimination
Ongoing social movements (Black Lives Matter, #MeToo) continue to push for greater equality and justice
Role of social media in organizing and amplifying these movements
Increased legal protections and recognition for LGBTQ+ individuals, including the right to marry and protection from employment discrimination
Challenges remain, particularly for transgender rights and acceptance
Greater accessibility and accommodations for individuals with disabilities in public spaces, transportation, and employment
Continued advocacy needed to ensure full inclusion and equal opportunities