🎭Art History II – Renaissance to Modern Era Unit 8 – Cubism and Futurism

Key Concepts and Definitions

• Cubism revolutionary art movement that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily associated with Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
• Characterized by the fragmentation and reassembly of objects, presenting multiple viewpoints simultaneously on a single plane
• Analytical Cubism (1907-1912) focused on breaking down forms into geometric shapes and muted color palettes
  • Emphasized the two-dimensionality of the canvas and the intellectual analysis of form
• Synthetic Cubism (1912-1914) incorporated collage elements, brighter colors, and more recognizable forms
• Futurism Italian avant-garde movement founded by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in 1909
• Celebrated the dynamism, speed, and technology of the modern world, rejecting traditional art forms and embracing the machine age
• Sought to capture the sensation of movement and the passage of time in their artworks

Historical Context and Origins

• Cubism developed in Paris during a period of rapid industrialization and technological advancements in the early 20th century
• Influenced by the works of Paul Cézanne, African art, and the geometric forms of non-Western art
• Picasso's seminal work, "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" (1907), marked the beginning of the Cubist movement
• Futurism emerged in Italy as a response to the country's rapid modernization and the desire to break free from the weight of its cultural past
• Marinetti's "Futurist Manifesto" (1909) called for the rejection of traditional art and the embrace of the machine age, speed, and violence
  • Manifesto published in the French newspaper Le Figaro, gaining international attention

Influential Artists and Works

• Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) co-founder of Cubism and one of the most influential artists of the 20th century
  • "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" (1907), "Girl with a Mandolin" (1910), and "Guernica" (1937)
• Georges Braque (1882-1963) co-founder of Cubism, worked closely with Picasso in developing the movement
  • "Violin and Candlestick" (1910) and "The Portuguese" (1911)
• Juan Gris (1887-1927) Spanish artist who contributed to the development of Synthetic Cubism
  • "Portrait of Picasso" (1912) and "Still Life with Checked Tablecloth" (1915)
• Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916) key figure in the Futurist movement, known for his sculptures and paintings that captured the dynamism of modern life
  • "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space" (1913) and "States of Mind: The Farewells" (1911)
• Giacomo Balla (1871-1958) Italian Futurist artist renowned for his paintings that depicted movement and speed
  • "Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash" (1912) and "Abstract Speed + Sound" (1913-1914)

Artistic Techniques and Styles

• Cubist artists broke down objects into geometric forms and reassembled them, presenting multiple viewpoints simultaneously
• Used muted color palettes and emphasized the two-dimensionality of the canvas
• Incorporated collage elements (newspaper clippings, sheet music) in Synthetic Cubism
• Futurist artists employed techniques such as divisionism and chrono-photography to capture the sensation of movement and speed
  • Divisionism application of pure colors in distinct dots or patches to create a vibrant, shimmering effect
• Used dynamic lines, repeated patterns, and fragmented forms to convey the energy of the modern world
• Experimented with typography and graphic design in their manifestos and publications

Philosophical and Cultural Influences

• Cubism influenced by the philosophical ideas of Henri Bergson, who emphasized the subjective nature of time and the importance of intuition
• Reflected the growing interest in non-Western art and the concept of "primitivism" in the early 20th century
• Futurism drew inspiration from the philosophical ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche, particularly his concept of the "Übermensch" (superman) and the embrace of change and progress
• Influenced by the political climate of early 20th-century Italy, with many Futurist artists supporting Italian nationalism and later aligning with Fascism
• Both movements challenged traditional notions of art and sought to capture the spirit of the modern age

Impact on Modern Art

• Cubism paved the way for the development of abstract art by breaking down traditional forms and emphasizing the two-dimensionality of the canvas
• Influenced later art movements such as Dada, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism
• Futurism's emphasis on technology, speed, and the machine aesthetic influenced the development of Art Deco and Constructivism
• Both movements challenged the boundaries between high art and popular culture, incorporating elements of mass media and everyday life into their artworks
• Contributed to the growing internationalization of the art world in the early 20th century

Comparing Cubism and Futurism

• Both movements emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the rapid changes brought about by modernization and industrialization
• Cubism focused on the analysis and fragmentation of form, while Futurism emphasized the dynamism and energy of the modern world
• Cubist artists primarily worked in painting and sculpture, while Futurist artists experimented with a wider range of media, including photography, film, and performance art
• Cubism was more introspective and intellectual in its approach, while Futurism was more politically engaged and sought to actively transform society
• Futurism had a more explicit connection to Italian nationalism and later Fascism, while Cubism was more international in its outlook and influence

Legacy and Contemporary Relevance

• Cubism and Futurism continue to inspire contemporary artists who engage with themes of fragmentation, multiple perspectives, and the impact of technology on society
• The use of collage and the incorporation of everyday objects in art, pioneered by Cubist artists, remain important strategies in contemporary art practice
• Futurism's emphasis on the machine aesthetic and the celebration of technology can be seen in the work of contemporary artists who engage with digital media and robotics
• The legacy of both movements can be seen in the ongoing dialogue between art and popular culture, as artists continue to draw inspiration from mass media, advertising, and consumer culture
• The critical examination of the relationship between art and politics, central to both Cubism and Futurism, remains a key concern for many contemporary artists and art historians