AP US History

🇺🇸AP US History Frequently Asked Questions

The Colonial Period to the Civil War marked a transformative era in American history. From the establishment of early settlements to the fight for independence and the formation of a new nation, this period saw the birth of American democracy and the development of key institutions. As the young nation expanded westward, tensions over slavery and states' rights grew, ultimately leading to the Civil War. This conflict reshaped American society, abolishing slavery and setting the stage for further social and political changes in the years to come.

Key Concepts and Themes

  • Analyze the political, economic, and social changes that occurred during the Colonial Period (1607-1754) including the development of self-government, religious diversity, and the growth of slavery
  • Examine the causes and consequences of the American Revolution (1754-1800) such as the French and Indian War, the Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, and the Declaration of Independence
    • Understand the key ideas and influences of the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening on the American Revolution
  • Evaluate the challenges faced by the new nation under the Articles of Confederation (1777-1787) including economic instability, Shays' Rebellion, and the need for a stronger central government
  • Assess the development of American democracy through the creation and ratification of the Constitution (1787) and the Bill of Rights (1791)
    • Analyze the major debates and compromises of the Constitutional Convention such as representation, slavery, and federalism
  • Investigate the growth of political parties in the early republic (1790s-1820s) including the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, and their differing views on the role of government
  • Understand the concept of Manifest Destiny and its impact on westward expansion, Native American removal, and sectional tensions in the mid-19th century
  • Analyze the causes and effects of the Civil War (1861-1865) including slavery, states' rights, and the preservation of the Union
    • Evaluate the significance of key events such as the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott v. Sandford, and the election of Abraham Lincoln

Important Historical Figures

  • George Washington (1732-1799): Commanded the Continental Army during the American Revolution, presided over the Constitutional Convention, and served as the first U.S. President
  • Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): Prominent Founding Father known for his political activism, diplomacy, scientific innovations, and role in drafting the Declaration of Independence and Constitution
  • Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826): Primary author of the Declaration of Independence, served as the third U.S. President, and oversaw the Louisiana Purchase
    • Promoted the ideals of republicanism, individual liberty, and limited government
  • Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804): First Secretary of the Treasury, established the First Bank of the United States, and advocated for a strong central government and industrial economy
  • James Madison (1751-1836): Fourth U.S. President, principal architect of the Constitution, and author of the Bill of Rights
  • Harriet Tubman (c. 1822-1913): Escaped enslaved person who became a prominent abolitionist and conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping many others gain freedom
  • Frederick Douglass (c. 1818-1895): Former enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist, orator, and writer, known for his autobiographies and speeches against slavery
  • Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865): 16th U.S. President who led the country during the Civil War, issued the Emancipation Proclamation, and worked to preserve the Union and end slavery

Major Events and Turning Points

  • Jamestown Settlement (1607): First permanent English settlement in North America, marked the beginning of the Colonial Period
  • First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s): Religious revival movement that emphasized individual faith and challenged traditional religious authority
  • French and Indian War (1754-1763): Conflict between British and French colonies in North America, resulted in British victory and increased tensions leading to the American Revolution
  • American Revolution (1765-1783): Colonies gained independence from Great Britain, establishing the United States as a new nation
    • Key events include the Stamp Act (1765), Boston Tea Party (1773), and signing of the Declaration of Independence (1776)
  • Ratification of the U.S. Constitution (1788): Established the framework for the federal government and division of powers between national and state governments
  • Louisiana Purchase (1803): U.S. acquisition of territory from France, doubled the size of the nation and paved the way for westward expansion
  • War of 1812 (1812-1815): Conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain, resulted in a strengthened American national identity and increased industrialization
  • Missouri Compromise (1820): Legislation that maintained the balance between free and slave states, temporarily easing sectional tensions
  • Civil War (1861-1865): Conflict between the Union (North) and Confederacy (South) over issues of slavery, states' rights, and economic differences, resulted in the abolition of slavery and preservation of the Union
    • Key events include the Battle of Gettysburg (1863), Emancipation Proclamation (1863), and Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House (1865)

Causes and Consequences

  • Causes of the American Revolution: Growing resentment towards British colonial policies (Stamp Act, Tea Act), lack of representation in Parliament ("taxation without representation"), and the spread of Enlightenment ideas
    • Consequences: Independence from Great Britain, establishment of a democratic republic, and the creation of the U.S. Constitution
  • Causes of the Civil War: Sectional tensions over the expansion of slavery (Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott decision), economic differences between the North and South, and the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860
    • Consequences: Abolition of slavery (13th Amendment), Reconstruction era, and lasting social, economic, and political changes
  • Causes of Westward Expansion: Concept of Manifest Destiny, desire for new land and resources, and technological advancements (transcontinental railroad)
    • Consequences: Displacement and removal of Native American populations (Trail of Tears), increased sectional tensions over the expansion of slavery, and the admission of new states to the Union
  • Causes of the Great Awakening: Decline in religious devotion, influence of Enlightenment ideas, and the need for a more personal and emotional religious experience
    • Consequences: Challenged traditional religious authority, emphasized individual faith, and laid the groundwork for the American Revolution by promoting ideas of liberty and equality
  • Causes of the Federalist and Anti-Federalist Debate: Disagreements over the role and power of the federal government, concerns about individual rights and liberties, and differing visions for the future of the nation
    • Consequences: Ratification of the U.S. Constitution, creation of the Bill of Rights, and the formation of the first political parties (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)

Document Analysis Skills

  • Identify the historical context of the document including the author, audience, purpose, and time period
    • Consider how the context influences the content and perspective of the document
  • Analyze the main ideas and arguments presented in the document, distinguishing between facts and opinions
  • Evaluate the reliability and credibility of the document by examining the author's background, potential biases, and the intended audience
    • Corroborate information with other primary and secondary sources to assess accuracy
  • Interpret the language, tone, and style of the document to understand the author's perspective and purpose
    • Pay attention to word choice, rhetorical devices, and any use of symbolism or figurative language
  • Compare and contrast the document with other sources from the same time period to identify similarities, differences, and potential contradictions
  • Assess the historical significance of the document and its impact on the time period or events it discusses
    • Consider how the document reflects or challenges prevailing attitudes, beliefs, or practices of the era
  • Draw conclusions about the document's implications for the broader historical narrative and its relevance to the topic being studied

Essay Writing Strategies

  • Develop a clear and concise thesis statement that directly addresses the prompt and sets the direction for your essay
    • Ensure your thesis is argumentative and can be supported with historical evidence
  • Create a well-organized outline that includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion
    • Use the outline to structure your thoughts and ensure a logical flow of ideas
  • Begin each body paragraph with a strong topic sentence that supports your thesis and introduces the main idea of the paragraph
  • Provide specific historical evidence to support your arguments, including relevant facts, examples, and quotes from primary and secondary sources
    • Analyze the evidence to demonstrate how it supports your thesis and strengthens your argument
  • Use transitional phrases and sentences to connect ideas within and between paragraphs, creating a coherent and smooth-flowing essay
  • Incorporate key terms and concepts from the prompt and course materials to demonstrate your understanding of the subject matter
  • Conclude your essay by restating your thesis and summarizing your main points, emphasizing the significance of your argument in the broader historical context
  • Proofread and edit your essay for clarity, coherence, and proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation

Common Misconceptions

  • Misconception: The American Revolution was fought primarily to achieve independence from Great Britain
    • Reality: While independence was a key goal, the Revolution was also driven by a desire for greater political and economic autonomy, as well as the protection of individual rights and liberties
  • Misconception: The Constitution was unanimously supported by all the Founding Fathers
    • Reality: The Constitution was the result of extensive debates and compromises, with some Founding Fathers, such as Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, expressing reservations about certain aspects of the document
  • Misconception: The Civil War was fought solely over the issue of slavery
    • Reality: While slavery was a central issue, the Civil War was also driven by complex economic, political, and social factors, including states' rights, westward expansion, and industrialization
  • Misconception: The Emancipation Proclamation immediately freed all enslaved people in the United States
    • Reality: The Emancipation Proclamation only applied to enslaved people in Confederate states that were not under Union control, and did not affect those in border states or Union-controlled areas
  • Misconception: The Founding Fathers intended for the United States to be a Christian nation
    • Reality: While many of the Founding Fathers were influenced by Christian beliefs, they also drew upon Enlightenment ideals and sought to create a secular government that protected religious freedom for all
  • Misconception: The New Deal ended the Great Depression
    • Reality: While the New Deal provided relief and reform, it did not completely end the Great Depression; the U.S. economy did not fully recover until after World War II
  • Misconception: The United States has always been a racially and ethnically diverse nation
    • Reality: While diversity has been a part of American history, the extent and acceptance of diversity have varied over time, with many groups facing discrimination, segregation, and limited opportunities throughout U.S. history

Test-Taking Tips

  • Read each question carefully and identify the key terms, concepts, and time periods being addressed
    • Underline or highlight important information to help you focus on the essential aspects of the question
  • Eliminate answer choices that are clearly incorrect or irrelevant to the question
    • This can help you narrow down your options and increase your chances of selecting the correct answer
  • Look for contextual clues within the question and answer choices that can help you determine the correct response
    • Pay attention to dates, events, and key figures mentioned that can provide hints about the correct answer
  • Manage your time wisely by answering easier questions first and returning to more challenging ones later
    • Don't spend too much time on a single question, as this can prevent you from completing the entire test
  • When answering multiple-choice questions, try to anticipate the correct answer before looking at the choices provided
    • This can help you avoid being misled by distractors and increase your confidence in your selected answer
  • For essay questions, take a few minutes to plan your response by creating a brief outline or list of key points you want to address
    • This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that you include all the necessary information in your essay
  • If you are unsure about an answer, make an educated guess rather than leaving the question blank
    • Eliminate any clearly incorrect choices and select the answer that seems most plausible based on your knowledge of the subject
  • Review your answers, if time permits, to ensure that you have not made any careless errors or misread any questions
    • Double-check that you have answered all questions and that your responses are clearly written and well-supported


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© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.