Doppler Effect:The Doppler effect describes how the perceived frequency of waves changes when there is relative motion between the source of waves and an observer.
Redshift/Blueshift: Redshift refers to an increase in wavelength (and decrease in observed frequency) of light waves due to objects moving away from us. Blueshift refers to a decrease in wavelength (and increase in observed frequency) of light waves due to objects moving towards us.
Sonic Boom: A sonic boom occurs when an object moves faster than the speed of sound, creating shockwaves that produce a loud noise.