Supertonic Chord (ii or iio)

Definition

The supertonic chord, typically represented as ii in major keys and iio in minor keys, is built on the second scale degree of the diatonic scale. This chord plays a significant role in music theory as a predominant function, leading smoothly into the dominant chord (V). It adds harmonic richness and movement to melodic phrases, often creating tension that resolves when moving to the dominant.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. In a major key, the supertonic chord (ii) is typically a minor triad, while in a minor key, it can be diminished (iio) or minor depending on its context.
2. The supertonic chord often precedes the dominant chord in harmonic progressions, enhancing the tension that resolves to the tonic.
3. When composing melodies, incorporating ii or iio can provide smooth transitions and enrich the harmonic texture.
4. In classical music, the ii chord is often used in cadential formulas to strengthen the move toward V and then to I.
5. The supertonic chord can be embellished with non-chord tones or used in inversion to create different voicings and textures.

Review Questions

• How does the supertonic chord function within a harmonic progression leading to the dominant?
  • The supertonic chord serves as a predominant function that sets up a natural movement towards the dominant chord. When you play ii (or iio), it creates a sense of anticipation that enhances the transition into V. This tension makes the eventual resolution to I much more satisfying for listeners, highlighting the role of ii in establishing harmonic direction.
• Discuss how the qualities of the supertonic chord differ between major and minor keys and their implications for composition.
  • In major keys, the supertonic chord is a minor triad (ii), while in minor keys, it can be either a diminished triad (iio) or a minor triad. This difference affects how composers use these chords in their works. A diminished ii can create more tension, making it effective for dramatic passages, while a minor ii provides smoother transitions. Understanding these qualities helps composers create desired emotional effects within their music.
• Evaluate the role of non-chord tones when using the supertonic chord in melodic phrases and their impact on harmony.
  • Non-chord tones add complexity and interest to melodies built around the supertonic chord. For example, passing tones and neighbor tones can create dissonance against ii or iio before resolving to stable tones on V or I. This technique enhances the emotional expressiveness of music, allowing composers to explore deeper harmonic relationships while maintaining clear melodic lines. By skillfully incorporating non-chord tones, one can achieve rich textures and engaging musical narratives.

Related terms

Diatonic Scale:

A seven-note scale that includes five whole steps and two half steps in each octave, forming the basis for Western music harmony.

Dominant Chord (V): The chord built on the fifth scale degree, which typically resolves to the tonic chord and creates a sense of closure in tonal music.

Predominant Function:

A harmonic function that prepares the listener for the dominant chord, typically involving chords like IV and ii (or iio), creating a flow toward resolution.