Phylogeny: This refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms. These relationships are discovered through phylogenetic inference methods that evaluate observed heritable traits.
Cladistics: This is a method of classification which groups species into categories based on their most recent common ancestor. It's like grouping all your cousins who share the same grandparents with you.
Speciation:This is the process by which new and distinct species evolve. It's akin to how different branches form in a family tree over generations.