All Study Guides US History – 1945 to Present Unit 10
🧸 US History – 1945 to Present Unit 10 – Ford & Carter: Economic & Foreign ChallengesThe 1970s brought economic turmoil to the US, with stagflation, oil crises, and global competition challenging American dominance. Presidents Ford and Carter faced these issues, along with foreign policy challenges like détente with the Soviet Union and the Iran hostage crisis.
Domestically, both presidents grappled with inflation, unemployment, and energy concerns. They also navigated social changes, including the women's movement, environmental activism, and shifting cultural norms. Their presidencies marked a transition period in American politics and society.
Economic Landscape of the 1970s
Stagflation gripped the US economy, a combination of high inflation and stagnant economic growth
Inflation rates reached double digits (11.3% in 1979)
Unemployment rose to 9% by mid-1975
The 1973 oil embargo by OPEC led to a sharp increase in energy prices, contributing to economic woes
The US dollar was taken off the gold standard in 1971, leading to fluctuations in its value
Keynesian economic policies, which had dominated since WWII, were increasingly questioned
Deindustrialization began as manufacturing jobs moved overseas to countries with cheaper labor (Japan, Taiwan)
The environmental movement gained traction, leading to new regulations on businesses
The rise of global competition challenged US economic dominance
Ford's Presidency: Domestic Policies
Gerald Ford became president after Richard Nixon's resignation in August 1974
Ford pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed, a controversial decision
Ford faced a Democratic-controlled Congress, limiting his ability to pass legislation
The economy was Ford's primary focus, as he sought to combat inflation and unemployment
Implemented a "Whip Inflation Now" (WIN) program, urging voluntary measures to reduce inflation
Proposed tax cuts and spending reductions to stimulate the economy
Ford vetoed numerous bills he saw as fiscally irresponsible, including a jobs program
Continued Nixon's policy of détente with the Soviet Union and China
Supported the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) but later opposed it under pressure from conservatives
Ford's Foreign Policy Approach
Ford continued Nixon's policy of détente, seeking to ease tensions with the Soviet Union
Signed the Helsinki Accords in 1975, recognizing post-WWII borders and promoting human rights
Continued Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the Soviets
Supported Indonesia's invasion of East Timor in 1975, which led to a brutal occupation
Faced challenges in Southeast Asia after the fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War in 1975
Evacuated US personnel and some Vietnamese refugees during the fall of Saigon
The Khmer Rouge took power in Cambodia, leading to a genocidal regime
Ordered the rescue of the SS Mayaguez, a US merchant ship seized by Cambodia, in one of his last acts as president
Maintained US support for Israel, while also seeking to improve relations with Arab states
Carter's Rise to Presidency
Jimmy Carter, a former governor of Georgia, won the 1976 presidential election as a Washington outsider
Campaigned on a platform of honesty, morality, and reforming the government after Watergate
Narrowly defeated incumbent Gerald Ford, winning 297 electoral votes to Ford's 240
Carter's background as a peanut farmer and his Southern Baptist faith shaped his public image
Promised to restore trust in government and to prioritize human rights in foreign policy
Assembled a team of advisors from diverse backgrounds, including many from the South
Faced economic challenges from the start, with high inflation and unemployment rates
Sought to project an image of simplicity and frugality, in contrast to the imperial presidency of Nixon
Carter's Domestic Agenda
Carter's domestic policy focused on energy, the environment, and government reform
Proposed a comprehensive energy policy to reduce dependence on foreign oil and promote conservation
Created the Department of Energy and implemented policies to encourage renewable energy
Emphasized the importance of human rights and social justice
Appointed record numbers of women, minorities, and people with disabilities to government positions
Expanded Head Start and job training programs
Struggled to work effectively with Congress, despite Democratic majorities in both houses
Vetoed several bills he saw as wasteful, including a public works bill with many earmarks
Faced opposition from liberal Democrats who felt he was not progressive enough
The economy remained a persistent problem, with high inflation and slow growth
Appointed Paul Volcker as Federal Reserve Chairman to combat inflation through high interest rates
Implemented austerity measures, including cutting the budget and reducing the federal workforce
Carter's Foreign Policy Challenges
Carter sought to make human rights a central focus of US foreign policy
Cut aid to countries with poor human rights records, such as Argentina and Chile
Negotiated the return of the Panama Canal to Panamanian control through the Torrijos-Carter Treaties
Faced the Iran Hostage Crisis, which dominated the last year of his presidency
Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979, taking 52 Americans hostage
A failed rescue attempt in April 1980 ended in disaster, with 8 US servicemen killed
Brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt in 1978, a major diplomatic achievement
The accords led to a peace treaty between the two countries, the first between Israel and an Arab state
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 ended détente and renewed Cold War tensions
Carter imposed a grain embargo on the Soviets and boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics
Began providing aid to Afghan mujahideen rebels fighting against the Soviets
Energy Crisis and Its Impact
The 1973 oil embargo by OPEC led to a sharp increase in energy prices and gasoline shortages
Long lines formed at gas stations, and rationing was implemented in some areas
The crisis exposed America's dependence on foreign oil and its vulnerability to supply disruptions
Carter made energy policy a top priority, calling it the "moral equivalent of war"
Proposed a comprehensive energy plan to reduce dependence on foreign oil and promote conservation
Implemented policies to encourage renewable energy, such as solar power and ethanol fuel
The energy crisis contributed to stagflation, a combination of high inflation and stagnant economic growth
Rising energy costs drove up prices across the economy, while also dampening economic activity
Carter's efforts to address the crisis, such as encouraging conservation, were seen by some as too little, too late
The crisis had long-term impacts on American society and politics
It led to a shift towards smaller, more fuel-efficient cars and appliances
It spurred investment in alternative energy sources and energy efficiency measures
It contributed to a sense of national malaise and a loss of confidence in government's ability to solve problems
Social and Cultural Shifts
The 1970s saw significant changes in American society and culture
The women's movement made gains, such as the passage of Title IX and the legalization of abortion (Roe v. Wade)
The gay rights movement became more visible, with events like the Stonewall Riots and the first Pride marches
The environmental movement gained traction, leading to new laws and regulations
The first Earth Day was celebrated in 1970, raising awareness of environmental issues
Congress passed the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act
The country became more diverse and multicultural
Immigration from Asia and Latin America increased after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 recognized the needs of students with limited English proficiency
Popular culture reflected the changing times
Disco music and dance clubs became popular, symbolizing hedonism and escapism
Movies like "Star Wars" and "Jaws" set new box office records and revolutionized the film industry
Television shows like "All in the Family" and "The Jeffersons" dealt with controversial social and political issues