US History – 1945 to Present

🧸US History – 1945 to Present Unit 10 – Ford & Carter: Economic & Foreign Challenges

The 1970s brought economic turmoil to the US, with stagflation, oil crises, and global competition challenging American dominance. Presidents Ford and Carter faced these issues, along with foreign policy challenges like détente with the Soviet Union and the Iran hostage crisis. Domestically, both presidents grappled with inflation, unemployment, and energy concerns. They also navigated social changes, including the women's movement, environmental activism, and shifting cultural norms. Their presidencies marked a transition period in American politics and society.

Economic Landscape of the 1970s

  • Stagflation gripped the US economy, a combination of high inflation and stagnant economic growth
    • Inflation rates reached double digits (11.3% in 1979)
    • Unemployment rose to 9% by mid-1975
  • The 1973 oil embargo by OPEC led to a sharp increase in energy prices, contributing to economic woes
  • The US dollar was taken off the gold standard in 1971, leading to fluctuations in its value
  • Keynesian economic policies, which had dominated since WWII, were increasingly questioned
  • Deindustrialization began as manufacturing jobs moved overseas to countries with cheaper labor (Japan, Taiwan)
  • The environmental movement gained traction, leading to new regulations on businesses
  • The rise of global competition challenged US economic dominance

Ford's Presidency: Domestic Policies

  • Gerald Ford became president after Richard Nixon's resignation in August 1974
  • Ford pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed, a controversial decision
  • Ford faced a Democratic-controlled Congress, limiting his ability to pass legislation
  • The economy was Ford's primary focus, as he sought to combat inflation and unemployment
    • Implemented a "Whip Inflation Now" (WIN) program, urging voluntary measures to reduce inflation
    • Proposed tax cuts and spending reductions to stimulate the economy
  • Ford vetoed numerous bills he saw as fiscally irresponsible, including a jobs program
  • Continued Nixon's policy of détente with the Soviet Union and China
  • Supported the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) but later opposed it under pressure from conservatives

Ford's Foreign Policy Approach

  • Ford continued Nixon's policy of détente, seeking to ease tensions with the Soviet Union
    • Signed the Helsinki Accords in 1975, recognizing post-WWII borders and promoting human rights
    • Continued Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the Soviets
  • Supported Indonesia's invasion of East Timor in 1975, which led to a brutal occupation
  • Faced challenges in Southeast Asia after the fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War in 1975
    • Evacuated US personnel and some Vietnamese refugees during the fall of Saigon
    • The Khmer Rouge took power in Cambodia, leading to a genocidal regime
  • Ordered the rescue of the SS Mayaguez, a US merchant ship seized by Cambodia, in one of his last acts as president
  • Maintained US support for Israel, while also seeking to improve relations with Arab states

Carter's Rise to Presidency

  • Jimmy Carter, a former governor of Georgia, won the 1976 presidential election as a Washington outsider
    • Campaigned on a platform of honesty, morality, and reforming the government after Watergate
    • Narrowly defeated incumbent Gerald Ford, winning 297 electoral votes to Ford's 240
  • Carter's background as a peanut farmer and his Southern Baptist faith shaped his public image
  • Promised to restore trust in government and to prioritize human rights in foreign policy
  • Assembled a team of advisors from diverse backgrounds, including many from the South
  • Faced economic challenges from the start, with high inflation and unemployment rates
  • Sought to project an image of simplicity and frugality, in contrast to the imperial presidency of Nixon

Carter's Domestic Agenda

  • Carter's domestic policy focused on energy, the environment, and government reform
    • Proposed a comprehensive energy policy to reduce dependence on foreign oil and promote conservation
    • Created the Department of Energy and implemented policies to encourage renewable energy
  • Emphasized the importance of human rights and social justice
    • Appointed record numbers of women, minorities, and people with disabilities to government positions
    • Expanded Head Start and job training programs
  • Struggled to work effectively with Congress, despite Democratic majorities in both houses
    • Vetoed several bills he saw as wasteful, including a public works bill with many earmarks
    • Faced opposition from liberal Democrats who felt he was not progressive enough
  • The economy remained a persistent problem, with high inflation and slow growth
    • Appointed Paul Volcker as Federal Reserve Chairman to combat inflation through high interest rates
    • Implemented austerity measures, including cutting the budget and reducing the federal workforce

Carter's Foreign Policy Challenges

  • Carter sought to make human rights a central focus of US foreign policy
    • Cut aid to countries with poor human rights records, such as Argentina and Chile
    • Negotiated the return of the Panama Canal to Panamanian control through the Torrijos-Carter Treaties
  • Faced the Iran Hostage Crisis, which dominated the last year of his presidency
    • Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979, taking 52 Americans hostage
    • A failed rescue attempt in April 1980 ended in disaster, with 8 US servicemen killed
  • Brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt in 1978, a major diplomatic achievement
    • The accords led to a peace treaty between the two countries, the first between Israel and an Arab state
  • The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 ended détente and renewed Cold War tensions
    • Carter imposed a grain embargo on the Soviets and boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics
    • Began providing aid to Afghan mujahideen rebels fighting against the Soviets

Energy Crisis and Its Impact

  • The 1973 oil embargo by OPEC led to a sharp increase in energy prices and gasoline shortages
    • Long lines formed at gas stations, and rationing was implemented in some areas
    • The crisis exposed America's dependence on foreign oil and its vulnerability to supply disruptions
  • Carter made energy policy a top priority, calling it the "moral equivalent of war"
    • Proposed a comprehensive energy plan to reduce dependence on foreign oil and promote conservation
    • Implemented policies to encourage renewable energy, such as solar power and ethanol fuel
  • The energy crisis contributed to stagflation, a combination of high inflation and stagnant economic growth
    • Rising energy costs drove up prices across the economy, while also dampening economic activity
    • Carter's efforts to address the crisis, such as encouraging conservation, were seen by some as too little, too late
  • The crisis had long-term impacts on American society and politics
    • It led to a shift towards smaller, more fuel-efficient cars and appliances
    • It spurred investment in alternative energy sources and energy efficiency measures
    • It contributed to a sense of national malaise and a loss of confidence in government's ability to solve problems

Social and Cultural Shifts

  • The 1970s saw significant changes in American society and culture
    • The women's movement made gains, such as the passage of Title IX and the legalization of abortion (Roe v. Wade)
    • The gay rights movement became more visible, with events like the Stonewall Riots and the first Pride marches
  • The environmental movement gained traction, leading to new laws and regulations
    • The first Earth Day was celebrated in 1970, raising awareness of environmental issues
    • Congress passed the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act
  • The country became more diverse and multicultural
    • Immigration from Asia and Latin America increased after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
    • The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 recognized the needs of students with limited English proficiency
  • Popular culture reflected the changing times
    • Disco music and dance clubs became popular, symbolizing hedonism and escapism
    • Movies like "Star Wars" and "Jaws" set new box office records and revolutionized the film industry
    • Television shows like "All in the Family" and "The Jeffersons" dealt with controversial social and political issues


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.

© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.