📚English Novels Unit 3 – Jane Austen and the Novel of Manners

Historical Context

• The Novel of Manners emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries during the Georgian and Regency eras in England
• Reflects the social and cultural norms of the upper and middle classes in English society during this period
• Influenced by the Enlightenment values of reason, propriety, and social order
• Set against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) which affected the English economy and society
• The rise of the middle class and the increasing importance of social mobility and respectability
• The strict social hierarchy and the role of landed gentry in English society
• The importance of marriage as a means of securing social and financial stability for women
  • Women's limited options for independence and the pressure to marry well

Key Characteristics of the Novel of Manners

• Focus on the social customs, manners, and conventions of a particular class or society
• Emphasis on the proper behavior, etiquette, and decorum expected in social interactions
• Explores the tension between individual desires and societal expectations
• Often set in the upper or middle-class society, featuring characters from these social classes
• Plots revolve around courtship, marriage, and the challenges of navigating social norms
• Dialogue plays a crucial role in revealing characters' personalities, attitudes, and social standing
• Attention to detail in describing fashion, furnishings, and social activities (balls, dinners, visits)
• Satirical elements that critique and expose the follies and flaws of society and individuals

Jane Austen's Life and Influences

• Born on December 16, 1775, in Steventon, Hampshire, England
• Grew up in a close-knit, educated family that valued learning and creativity
  • Father was a clergyman and ran a small boarding school for boys
  • Mother was a keen reader and encouraged Jane's love for writing
• Received a formal education at home and briefly attended boarding schools
• Began writing stories, plays, and poems at a young age for the amusement of her family
• Influenced by 18th-century writers such as Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, and Fanny Burney
• Her works reflect her keen observation of the society she lived in and her own experiences
• Never married, though she had several romantic attachments and a brief engagement
• Faced financial difficulties and relied on the support of her brothers after her father's death
• Died on July 18, 1817, at the age of 41, in Winchester, Hampshire

Major Works and Themes

• Sense and Sensibility (1811): Contrasts the experiences of two sisters, exploring the balance between reason and emotion
• Pride and Prejudice (1813): Follows the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy, dealing with themes of love, pride, and societal expectations
• Mansfield Park (1814): Examines the moral development of the protagonist, Fanny Price, and the corrupting influence of wealth and status
• Emma (1815): Centers on the misguided matchmaking attempts of the titular character and her personal growth
• Northanger Abbey (1818, posthumous): Parodies the Gothic novel genre and explores the coming-of-age of the naive protagonist, Catherine Morland
• Persuasion (1818, posthumous): Depicts the rekindled romance between Anne Elliot and Captain Wentworth, addressing themes of second chances and the influence of societal persuasion
• Recurring themes include the importance of marriage, the role of women in society, the impact of social class and wealth, and the tension between individual desires and societal expectations

Character Analysis

• Austen's characters are complex, multi-dimensional, and often flawed, reflecting the realities of human nature
• Protagonists are usually young, intelligent women navigating the social expectations and constraints of their time (Elizabeth Bennet, Emma Woodhouse, Elinor Dashwood)
• Male characters range from the brooding, initially misunderstood hero (Mr. Darcy) to the charming but morally ambiguous (Henry Crawford, George Wickham)
• Secondary characters serve to highlight the main characters' qualities and flaws and provide comic relief (Mr. Collins, Mrs. Bennet, Miss Bates)
• Characters' dialogue and actions reveal their true nature, values, and motivations
• Character development is central to the plot, with protagonists undergoing personal growth and learning from their mistakes
• Relationships between characters showcase the dynamics of family, friendship, and romance within the confines of societal norms

Social Commentary and Satire

• Austen's novels offer a critique of the society she lived in, particularly the upper and middle classes
• Satirizes the preoccupation with wealth, status, and social climbing (the Elliot family in Persuasion, Lady Catherine de Bourgh in Pride and Prejudice)
• Exposes the limited opportunities and choices available to women in the early 19th century
  • Women's financial dependence on men and the pressure to secure a suitable marriage
  • The consequences of failing to conform to societal expectations (Maria Bertram in Mansfield Park)
• Critiques the superficiality and hypocrisy of social interactions and the importance placed on appearances
• Highlights the absurdities of certain characters and situations to underscore societal flaws (Mr. Collins' obsequiousness, Mrs. Bennet's obsession with marrying off her daughters)
• Uses irony and wit to expose the gap between characters' self-perception and reality
• Offers a more subtle and nuanced form of social commentary compared to other satirical writers of her time

Writing Style and Techniques

• Austen's prose is characterized by its clarity, precision, and elegance
• Employs a third-person omniscient narrator, allowing for insights into characters' thoughts and motivations
• Extensive use of dialogue to reveal character, advance the plot, and provide social commentary
  • Dialogue often features witty exchanges, revealing characters' intelligence and personalities
• Irony, both verbal and situational, is a hallmark of Austen's writing
  • Verbal irony: characters say the opposite of what they mean, often for comedic effect
  • Situational irony: outcomes that are contrary to what is expected, highlighting the discrepancy between appearance and reality
• Free indirect discourse allows for a blend of the narrator's voice and a character's thoughts, creating a more intimate understanding of characters' inner lives
• Detailed descriptions of settings, customs, and social activities immerse readers in the world of the novel
• Pacing is deliberate, focusing on character development and social interactions rather than fast-paced action
• Austen's narrative voice is often described as witty, perceptive, and gently satirical

Legacy and Modern Interpretations

• Austen's works have endured and remain popular over 200 years after their publication
• Her novels have been adapted numerous times for stage, film, and television (BBC's Pride and Prejudice miniseries, Clueless as a modern adaptation of Emma)
• Austen's influence can be seen in the works of subsequent authors, particularly in the romance and comedy of manners genres
• Modern interpretations and adaptations often highlight the feminist themes in Austen's writing
  • The subversive nature of her female characters who assert their agency within the constraints of their society
  • The critique of the patriarchal structures that limited women's opportunities
• Austen's works have been analyzed through various critical lenses, including feminist, Marxist, and postcolonial perspectives
• The term "Austenesque" has been coined to describe works that emulate Austen's style, themes, and settings
• Austen's legacy extends beyond literature, with a thriving fan culture, including Austen societies, festivals, and themed events
• Her works continue to resonate with readers due to their timeless themes, engaging characters, and astute social observations