Mayan Civilization History

🦜Mayan Civilization History Unit 8 – Mayan Trade and Economic Systems

The Mayan civilization's trade and economic systems were vital to its growth and success. From 2000 BCE to 1500 CE, Mayans built complex networks across Mesoamerica, exchanging goods, ideas, and cultural practices with other civilizations. Trade goods included jade, obsidian, salt, cacao, and textiles. Markets used barter and cacao beans as currency. The economy combined market exchange, tribute, and redistribution, with social classes ranging from ruling elites to commoners and slaves.

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Overview of Mayan Trade

  • Mayan trade played a crucial role in the development and prosperity of their civilization from the Preclassic Period (2000 BCE - 250 CE) through the Postclassic Period (900 CE - 1500 CE)
  • Trade networks extended across Mesoamerica, connecting the Maya with other major civilizations such as the Aztec and Zapotec
  • Mayans engaged in both local and long-distance trade, exchanging a wide variety of goods and resources
  • Trade routes included overland paths, rivers, and coastal maritime routes (Caribbean Sea)
  • Mayan merchants, known as ppolom, were highly respected and held significant social and economic influence
  • Trade facilitated the exchange of ideas, technologies, and cultural practices among Mesoamerican civilizations
  • Control over key trade routes and resources was a major factor in the rise and fall of Mayan city-states
  • The Mayan economy was a complex system that combined elements of market exchange, tribute, and redistribution

Key Trade Goods and Resources

  • Jade was highly prized for its beauty and spiritual significance, used to create jewelry, figurines, and ceremonial objects
  • Obsidian, a volcanic glass, was essential for making sharp tools, weapons, and ritual bloodletters
  • Salt was a vital commodity for preservation and seasoning, extracted from coastal salt flats and inland brine wells
  • Cacao beans were used as a form of currency and to make a prized chocolate drink for the elite
  • Quetzal feathers, prized for their vibrant colors, were used to create elaborate headdresses and garments for the nobility
  • Cotton was grown and woven into textiles, clothing, and tribute items
  • Honey from stingless bees was used as a sweetener and in medicinal preparations
  • Marine shells (Spondylus) were treasured for their beauty and used to create jewelry and decorative objects
    • Spondylus shells were associated with water, fertility, and the underworld in Mayan mythology

Trade Routes and Networks

  • Overland trade routes connected major Mayan cities and regions, such as the route between Tikal and Calakmul
  • Rivers served as important transportation arteries, with canoes used to transport goods (Usumacinta River)
  • Coastal trade routes linked the Maya to other Mesoamerican civilizations and facilitated the exchange of marine resources
  • Mayan merchants established trade outposts and alliances with distant city-states to secure access to exotic goods
  • The Yucatan Peninsula was a major hub for maritime trade, with ports such as Xcaret and Xel-Ha
  • The Isthmus of Tehuantepec was a key overland trade route connecting the Maya with central Mexico
  • Causeways, or sacbeob, connected Mayan cities and served as trade routes
    • The longest known sacbe is a 100 km route connecting the cities of Coba and Yaxuna

Market Systems and Currency

  • Mayan markets, or p'olom, were held in designated plazas within cities and towns
  • Markets operated on a system of barter, with goods exchanged based on perceived value
  • Cacao beans were used as a form of currency, with standardized quantities equating to specific values
  • Copper bells, jade beads, and shell ornaments also served as a form of currency in some regions
  • Merchants used quipus, or knotted strings, to keep records of transactions and inventory
  • The Mayan economy included elements of market exchange, tribute payment, and redistribution by the ruling elite
  • Long-distance traders, or ppolom yoc, were a specialized class of merchants who dealt in exotic luxury goods
  • Local markets served as a means for farmers and artisans to exchange their surplus goods

Economic Structure and Social Classes

  • Mayan society was stratified into distinct social classes, with the ruling elite at the top
  • The elite class included kings, nobles, and high-ranking priests who controlled land, resources, and trade
  • Merchants and artisans formed a middle class, with access to a wider range of goods and resources than commoners
  • Commoners, the majority of the population, were farmers, laborers, and low-ranking warriors
  • Slaves, often captives from rival city-states, occupied the lowest rung of the social hierarchy
  • The elite controlled the production and distribution of prestige goods, reinforcing their social and economic power
  • Tribute, in the form of goods and labor, flowed from the commoners to the elite, supporting the ruling class and state institutions
  • Craft specialization, such as pottery, textiles, and metallurgy, was an important aspect of the Mayan economy
    • Workshops were often attached to elite households or state institutions, producing goods for tribute and trade

International Trade Relations

  • The Maya engaged in extensive trade with other Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Aztec
  • Trade relations were often tied to political alliances and dynastic marriages between ruling families
  • The city of Kaminaljuyu, in the highlands of Guatemala, was a major center for trade with Teotihuacan
  • The Mayan city of Chichen Itza had strong trade ties with the Toltec civilization of central Mexico
  • Mayan merchants established trade colonies in distant regions to facilitate the exchange of goods and ideas
  • The Putun Maya, a group of maritime traders, played a key role in coastal trade and the rise of Chichen Itza
  • Mayan trade with the Caribbean islands brought exotic goods such as gold, guanín (a gold-copper alloy), and colorful bird feathers
  • The Mayan world was part of a larger Mesoamerican trade network that extended from the American Southwest to Central America

Impact of Trade on Mayan Culture

  • Trade exposed the Maya to new ideas, technologies, and artistic styles from other Mesoamerican cultures
  • The influence of Teotihuacan can be seen in Mayan art, architecture, and religious practices (talud-tablero style)
  • The ballgame, a ritual sport with political and religious significance, spread throughout Mesoamerica via trade networks
  • Exotic goods, such as jade and quetzal feathers, became symbols of elite status and were used in religious ceremonies
  • Trade facilitated the spread of writing systems and calendar knowledge among Mesoamerican cultures
  • The Mayan pantheon incorporated deities and religious concepts from other cultures, such as the Feathered Serpent (Kukulkan/Quetzalcoatl)
  • Trade routes served as conduits for the exchange of agricultural knowledge and the introduction of new crops (cacao, maize)
  • Mayan art and iconography reflect the influence of trade, with depictions of foreign goods, merchants, and exotic animals

Decline and Legacy of Mayan Trade

  • The collapse of major Mayan city-states in the 9th century CE disrupted trade networks and led to a decline in long-distance exchange
  • The rise of the Postclassic Mayan cities, such as Mayapan and Chichen Itza, was linked to their control over key trade routes
  • The arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century CE brought new trade goods and disrupted traditional Mayan trade networks
  • The Spanish colonial period saw the exploitation of Mayan labor and resources, such as timber and dyes (indigo)
  • Mayan trade routes and economic practices influenced the development of colonial and modern trade networks in Mesoamerica
  • The legacy of Mayan trade can be seen in the continued importance of certain goods, such as cacao and textiles, in the region
  • Archaeological evidence, such as shipwrecks and trade goods in burial contexts, provides insights into ancient Mayan trade practices
  • The study of Mayan trade offers valuable lessons about the role of economic exchange in the rise and fall of civilizations and the interconnectedness of ancient world.


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AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.