psy-359 foundations of cyberpsychology unit 7 study guides

Key Concepts and Definitions

• Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions intended to benefit others or society as a whole
• Altruism involves selfless concern for the well-being of others without expecting rewards or recognition
• Empathy enables individuals to understand and share the feelings of others, fostering prosocial tendencies
  • Cognitive empathy involves understanding another person's perspective
  • Affective empathy involves sharing the emotions experienced by others
• Online disinhibition effect suggests people may act more openly and emotionally expressive online due to perceived anonymity
• Digital citizenship encompasses responsible and ethical behavior in online communities
• Slacktivism refers to low-effort, feel-good online support for social causes that may have minimal real-world impact (signing online petitions)
• Crowdsourcing harnesses collective intelligence and resources from online communities to achieve common goals (Wikipedia)

Historical Context of Prosocial Behavior Online

• Early online communities in the 1980s and 1990s, such as Usenet and bulletin board systems, laid the foundation for online prosocial interactions
• The rise of social media platforms in the 2000s expanded opportunities for online prosocial behavior on a global scale
• Online fundraising and crowdfunding platforms have revolutionized charitable giving and support for social causes (GoFundMe)
• Citizen journalism and user-generated content have empowered individuals to report on issues and events, promoting social awareness
• Online activism has played a significant role in organizing social movements and driving political change (Arab Spring)
• The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of online prosocial behavior in maintaining social connections and support

Psychological Theories of Online Prosociality

• Social identity theory suggests individuals derive a sense of self from their group memberships, motivating prosocial behavior within online communities
• Self-determination theory posits that autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs drive intrinsic motivation for prosocial actions online
• Empathy-altruism hypothesis proposes that empathetic concern for others can lead to altruistic behavior in online contexts
• Social exchange theory suggests individuals engage in prosocial behavior when perceived benefits outweigh costs
  • Reciprocity norms encourage prosocial actions with the expectation of future returns
• Socioemotional selectivity theory suggests older adults may prioritize emotionally meaningful online interactions and prosocial behavior
• Moral identity theory posits that individuals with a strong moral identity are more likely to engage in online prosocial behavior consistently

Digital Platforms and Prosocial Interactions

• Social networking sites (Facebook) facilitate online prosocial behavior through features like sharing, liking, and commenting
• Online communities and forums provide spaces for individuals to offer support, advice, and resources to others
• Crowdfunding platforms enable individuals to contribute financially to charitable causes and personal campaigns
• Multiplayer online games can foster cooperation, teamwork, and prosocial behavior among players
  • Games with prosocial themes (Habitat) encourage empathy and helping behavior
• Blogging and vlogging platforms allow individuals to raise awareness about social issues and inspire prosocial action
• Collaborative knowledge-sharing platforms (Wikipedia) rely on collective prosocial efforts to create and maintain content

Factors Influencing Online Prosocial Behavior

• Anonymity can encourage prosocial behavior by reducing fear of judgment but may also lead to disinhibited antisocial behavior
• Social norms within online communities shape expectations for prosocial behavior and discourage deviant actions
• Emotional contagion, the spread of emotions through online networks, can amplify empathy and motivate prosocial responses
• Perceived self-efficacy, an individual's belief in their ability to make a difference, influences likelihood of engaging in online prosocial behavior
• Personality traits, such as agreeableness and conscientiousness, are associated with higher levels of online prosociality
• Demographic factors, including age, gender, and cultural background, may affect patterns of online prosocial behavior
  • Studies suggest women tend to engage in more online prosocial behavior than men
• Contextual factors, such as crisis situations (natural disasters), can trigger increased online prosocial behavior

Case Studies and Real-World Examples

• The "Ice Bucket Challenge" on social media raised over $200 million for ALS research, demonstrating the power of viral online prosocial campaigns
• Online communities like "Be My Eyes" connect sighted volunteers with visually impaired individuals for real-time assistance
• The "Me Too" movement on social media raised global awareness about sexual harassment and assault, leading to social and legal reforms
• Online petitions on platforms like Change.org have influenced corporate decisions and government policies
• Crowdfunding campaigns have provided financial support for individuals facing medical emergencies or personal hardships
• Online support groups offer emotional support and resources for individuals coping with mental health issues, addictions, or chronic illnesses
• Virtual volunteering opportunities allow individuals to contribute skills and time to charitable organizations remotely

Challenges and Ethical Considerations

• Slacktivism may create a false sense of accomplishment and detract from more impactful forms of prosocial behavior
• Online disinhibition can lead to cyberbullying, trolling, and other antisocial behaviors that undermine prosocial interactions
• Echo chambers and filter bubbles can limit exposure to diverse perspectives and hinder empathy development
• Misinformation and fake news can spread rapidly online, misleading individuals and undermining trust in prosocial initiatives
• Privacy concerns arise when personal data is shared or used without consent in online prosocial campaigns
• Power imbalances and systemic biases can be reproduced in online prosocial efforts, perpetuating inequalities
• Ethical considerations surrounding online fundraising include ensuring transparency, accountability, and fair distribution of resources

Future Trends and Research Directions

• Artificial intelligence and machine learning can be harnessed to identify and promote prosocial content and interactions online
• Gamification techniques may be employed to incentivize and reinforce online prosocial behavior
• Virtual and augmented reality technologies can create immersive experiences that foster empathy and encourage prosocial action
• Blockchain and decentralized platforms may enable more transparent and secure online prosocial transactions
• Interdisciplinary research collaborations can provide insights into the complex interplay of psychological, social, and technological factors shaping online prosociality
• Longitudinal studies can help understand the long-term effects and sustainability of online prosocial interventions
• Cross-cultural research is needed to explore how cultural values and norms influence online prosocial behavior in different contexts
• Ethical frameworks and guidelines must be developed to ensure responsible and equitable online prosocial practices