psy-359 foundations of cyberpsychology unit 4 study guides

Key Concepts and Theories

• Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) proposes that anonymity in online groups can lead to increased identification with the group and adherence to group norms
• Social Information Processing Theory suggests that online communication, despite lacking nonverbal cues, can still be effective for building relationships over time
• Time, Interaction, and Performance (TIP) Theory posits that virtual teams go through stages of development, with trust and shared understanding being crucial for success
• Hyperpersonal Model proposes that online communication can sometimes lead to more intimate and positive interactions than face-to-face communication
  • Selective self-presentation allows individuals to present their best selves online
  • Idealization of the other person can occur due to limited cues and positive attributions
• Reduced Social Cues Theory suggests that the lack of nonverbal cues in online communication can lead to more task-oriented and less socially-oriented interactions
• Social Presence Theory emphasizes the importance of creating a sense of "being there" in online interactions to foster effective communication and collaboration

Online Group Formation and Structure

• Online groups can form around shared interests, goals, or identities, bringing together individuals who may not have connected otherwise
• Virtual teams in organizational contexts are often formed based on expertise and availability rather than geographic proximity
• Online communities can have varying levels of formality and structure, from loosely organized forums to highly structured virtual organizations
• Group size can impact dynamics, with larger groups often requiring more formal structure and moderation to maintain cohesion
• Roles and hierarchies may emerge organically or be formally assigned, such as moderators, administrators, or subject matter experts
• Subgroups or cliques can form within larger online communities based on shared characteristics or interests
• Membership fluidity is common in online groups, with individuals joining, leaving, or participating at varying levels over time
  • Low barriers to entry and exit can impact group stability and commitment

Communication Patterns in Virtual Groups

• Asynchronous communication (forums, email) allows for flexibility but can lead to delays and misunderstandings
  • Lack of immediate feedback can impact the pace and efficiency of interactions
• Synchronous communication (video conferencing, instant messaging) enables real-time interaction but requires coordination and may be subject to technical difficulties
• Text-based communication can lead to misinterpretations due to the absence of nonverbal cues like tone and body language
  • Emoticons, emojis, and other digital cues are often used to convey emotion and intent
• Communication styles may vary based on cultural backgrounds, age, or individual preferences, requiring adaptation and understanding
• Information overload can occur in active online groups, necessitating strategies for filtering and managing communication
• Lurking, or passive participation, is common in online groups, with many members observing but not actively contributing
• Collaborative tools (wikis, shared documents) enable group members to work together on projects and share knowledge

Leadership and Power Dynamics Online

• Leadership in online groups can be formal (assigned roles) or emergent (based on expertise or influence)
  • Emergent leaders often gain influence through active participation and valuable contributions
• Distributed leadership models are common in online communities, with responsibilities shared among multiple individuals
• Power dynamics can be impacted by factors such as technical expertise, communication skills, and social capital within the group
• Moderation and facilitation are key leadership functions in online groups, ensuring productive discussions and adherence to community guidelines
• Leaders play a crucial role in setting the tone and culture of the group, modeling desired behaviors and values
• Challenges for online leaders include managing conflicts, fostering engagement, and adapting to the unique dynamics of virtual environments
• Effective online leaders often employ a mix of task-oriented and relationship-oriented behaviors to support group performance and cohesion

Group Decision-Making in Digital Spaces

• Online groups can leverage diverse perspectives and expertise to make better decisions
  • Geographical dispersion allows for input from individuals with varied backgrounds and experiences
• Asynchronous communication can provide more time for reflection and considered responses in decision-making processes
• Groupthink, or the tendency for groups to prioritize consensus over critical thinking, can be a risk in online decision-making
  • Anonymity and reduced social cues may exacerbate this tendency
• Decision-making processes in online groups can be consensus-based, democratic (voting), or hierarchical (leader-driven)
• Online tools (polls, surveys) can facilitate gathering input and reaching decisions in virtual groups
• Information sharing and knowledge management are critical for effective decision-making in online groups
  • Ensuring equal access to relevant information is important for inclusive decision-making
• Time differences and communication lags can impact the speed and efficiency of online decision-making processes

Conflict and Cooperation in Online Communities

• Conflicts in online groups can arise from differences in opinions, communication styles, or personal values
  • Lack of face-to-face interaction can contribute to misunderstandings and escalation of conflicts
• Flaming, or hostile and insulting communication, is a common form of conflict in online communities
  • Anonymity and reduced social cues can lower inhibitions and contribute to aggressive behavior
• Moderation and clear community guidelines are essential for managing and resolving conflicts in online groups
• Collaborative norms and a shared sense of purpose can foster cooperation and mitigate conflicts
  • Emphasizing common goals and values can help build a cohesive group identity
• Trust is a key factor in promoting cooperation in online groups, and can be built through consistent, reliable interactions over time
• Positive reinforcement and recognition of cooperative behaviors can encourage collaboration and discourage conflicts
• Conflict resolution strategies, such as mediation or private discussions, can be adapted for online environments

Identity and Anonymity in Group Interactions

• Online environments allow for greater control over self-presentation and identity expression
  • Individuals can emphasize or conceal aspects of their identity based on personal preferences or group norms
• Anonymity can reduce inhibitions and encourage more open and honest communication in online groups
  • However, it can also lead to disinhibited behavior, such as aggression or trolling
• Pseudonymity, or the use of aliases, is common in online communities and can provide a balance between anonymity and accountability
• Social identity salience, or the extent to which individuals identify with the group, can be heightened in anonymous online contexts
  • This can lead to increased conformity to group norms and polarization of attitudes
• Online identities can be fluid and multifaceted, with individuals adopting different personas or roles across different virtual spaces
• Reputation systems and user profiles can help establish trust and credibility in online groups
  • Visible histories of contributions and interactions can inform perceptions of an individual's identity and standing within the community
• Identity verification and authentication measures are important for some online groups, particularly those dealing with sensitive or high-stakes topics

Practical Applications and Case Studies

• Online support groups provide a space for individuals facing similar challenges (chronic illnesses, addiction) to connect and share experiences
  • Anonymity and 24/7 accessibility can make these groups a valuable resource for those seeking support
• Virtual teams in organizations can leverage online collaboration tools to work together across geographical boundaries
  • Effective leadership and communication strategies are crucial for the success of these teams
• Online learning communities, such as MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses), bring together learners from diverse backgrounds to share knowledge and engage in collaborative learning
  • Facilitating meaningful interactions and fostering a sense of community are key challenges in these environments
• Social media activism and online social movements (Arab Spring, #MeToo) demonstrate the power of online groups to mobilize collective action and effect social change
  • The viral nature of online communication can rapidly spread information and rally support around a cause
• Online gaming communities (World of Warcraft, Fortnite) provide a space for players to connect, collaborate, and form social bonds
  • In-game interactions and shared experiences can foster a strong sense of community and belonging
• Virtual brand communities (Apple, Tesla) bring together customers and fans to discuss products, share experiences, and provide mutual support
  • These communities can be a valuable source of customer insights and loyalty for brands
• Online peer production communities (Wikipedia, open-source software projects) rely on the collective efforts of volunteers to create and maintain shared resources
  • Effective governance structures and motivation strategies are essential for the sustainability of these communities