painting i unit 9 study guides

Introduction to Watercolor

• Watercolor painting involves using water-soluble pigments to create translucent, luminous effects on paper
• Originated in ancient times, watercolor gained popularity during the Renaissance and reached its height in the 18th and 19th centuries
• Characterized by its transparency, allowing the white of the paper to show through and contribute to the overall luminosity
• Requires a delicate balance of water and pigment to achieve desired effects
• Offers a wide range of techniques for creating various textures, gradients, and color blends
• Allows for spontaneity and immediacy in capturing light, atmosphere, and mood
• Often associated with landscapes, still lifes, and portraits, but can be used for abstract and experimental works as well
• Requires patience, practice, and a willingness to embrace the unpredictable nature of the medium

Essential Materials and Setup

• Paper: Watercolor paper comes in various weights (gsm), textures (rough, cold press, hot press), and formats (pads, blocks, sheets)
  • Heavier weight paper (300 gsm or more) is less prone to buckling when wet
  • Cold press paper has a slightly textured surface, making it versatile for most techniques
• Brushes: Round and flat brushes made from natural (sable) or synthetic fibers are commonly used
  • Round brushes are versatile for details, lines, and washes
  • Flat brushes are useful for covering large areas and creating straight edges
  • Invest in a few high-quality brushes in different sizes (e.g., #2, #6, #10, 1-inch flat)
• Paints: Watercolor paints are available in tubes or pans (dried cakes)
  • Artist-grade paints have a higher pigment concentration and are more lightfast than student-grade paints
  • A basic palette should include primary colors (red, blue, yellow), earth tones (burnt sienna, raw umber), and a few secondary colors (green, orange, purple)
• Palette: A mixing surface for colors, such as a white ceramic or plastic palette with wells
• Water container and towels: Two jars of clean water (one for rinsing brushes, one for diluting colors) and absorbent towels for blotting excess water
• Masking fluid: A liquid latex used to preserve white areas or create highlights
• Easel or drawing board: Allows for working at an angle to control water flow and prevent pooling
• Sketchbook and pencil: For planning compositions, sketching, and testing color mixtures

Basic Watercolor Techniques

• Wet-on-wet: Applying wet paint to a wet surface, allowing colors to blend and create soft, diffused edges
  • Useful for creating atmospheric effects, backgrounds, and smooth color transitions
• Wet-on-dry: Applying wet paint to a dry surface, resulting in sharper, more defined edges
  • Ideal for painting details, layering colors, and creating crisp shapes
• Dry brush: Using a brush with minimal water to apply paint, creating a textured, scratchy effect
  • Effective for suggesting foliage, hair, or rough surfaces like rocks or tree bark
• Glazing: Applying a thin, transparent layer of color over a dry layer of paint
  • Builds depth and modifies colors without disturbing the underlying layers
  • Requires patience, as each layer must dry completely before applying the next
• Gradation: Creating a smooth transition from one color or value to another
  • Achieved by gradually adding more water or a different color to the brush as you paint
• Lifting: Removing paint from the paper using a damp brush or sponge
  • Can be used to lighten areas, create highlights, or correct mistakes
• Splattering: Tapping a loaded brush against your finger or a stick to create a spray of paint droplets
  • Adds texture and interest to paintings, suggesting leaves, stars, or sparkling water
• Resist techniques: Using materials like masking fluid, wax, or oil pastels to preserve white areas or create textures
  • The resist material is applied before painting and removed once the paint is dry

Color Theory for Watercolors

• Primary colors: Red, blue, and yellow, which cannot be mixed from other colors
• Secondary colors: Green, orange, and purple, created by mixing two primary colors
• Tertiary colors: Mixtures of a primary and an adjacent secondary color (e.g., red-orange, blue-green)
• Color wheel: A visual representation of color relationships, helpful for understanding mixing and harmony
• Complementary colors: Opposite each other on the color wheel (e.g., red and green, blue and orange)
  • When mixed, complementary colors create neutrals and muted tones
  • When placed side by side, they create high contrast and visual interest
• Analogous colors: Adjacent to each other on the color wheel (e.g., blue, blue-green, green)
  • Create harmonious, balanced compositions when used together
• Warm and cool colors: Warm colors (reds, oranges, yellows) advance, while cool colors (blues, greens, purples) recede
  • Can be used to create depth and atmosphere in a painting
• Color temperature: The relative warmth or coolness of a color (e.g., a cool blue vs. a warm blue)
  • Affects the mood and feeling of a painting
• Value: The lightness or darkness of a color
  • Creating a value study in grayscale can help plan the composition and contrast of a painting
• Hue, saturation, and value: The three properties that define a color
  • Hue refers to the color itself (e.g., red, blue)
  • Saturation refers to the intensity or purity of the color
  • Value refers to the lightness or darkness of the color

Composition and Design Principles

• Focal point: The main subject or area of interest in a painting
  • Should be emphasized through contrast, detail, or placement
• Rule of thirds: Dividing the canvas into a 3x3 grid and placing key elements along the lines or intersections
  • Creates a balanced, dynamic composition
• Leading lines: Lines or edges that guide the viewer's eye through the painting
  • Can be explicit (e.g., a road, a fence) or implied (e.g., a line of trees, a gaze)
• Foreground, middle ground, background: The three planes of depth in a painting
  • Foreground elements are larger, more detailed, and often darker or more saturated
  • Background elements are smaller, less detailed, and often lighter or less saturated
  • Middle ground elements transition between the two
• Simplification: Reducing a scene to its essential elements, omitting unnecessary details
  • Helps create a stronger, more readable composition
• Balance: The distribution of visual weight in a painting
  • Can be symmetrical (even on both sides) or asymmetrical (uneven but still balanced)
• Contrast: The difference between elements in a painting (e.g., light/dark, large/small, rough/smooth)
  • Creates visual interest and hierarchy
• Repetition and pattern: Using similar shapes, colors, or textures throughout a painting
  • Creates unity and rhythm
• Variety: Incorporating differences in shape, size, color, or texture
  • Prevents a composition from becoming monotonous
• Negative space: The areas around and between the subjects of a painting
  • Can be used to create interesting shapes and balance

Advanced Techniques and Effects

• Granulation: The settling of pigment particles into the texture of the paper, creating a mottled effect
  • Occurs naturally with certain pigments (e.g., ultramarine blue, burnt sienna)
  • Can be enhanced by using granulating mediums or by sprinkling salt on wet paint
• Blooms: Soft, feathery shapes that occur when wet paint is applied to a damp area
  • Can be controlled by tilting the paper or using a hairdryer to direct the flow of paint
• Backruns: When a wet brush is applied to a damp area, causing the paint to spread and create irregular shapes
  • Can be used to suggest foliage, clouds, or water ripples
• Sgraffito: Scratching or scraping through wet paint to reveal the layer beneath
  • Can be done with a fingernail, a palette knife, or a rubber brush handle
  • Creates textural effects like grass, hair, or tree branches
• Layering and glazing: Building up color and depth through multiple transparent washes
  • Each layer must dry completely before applying the next
  • Can be used to create rich, luminous colors and subtle transitions
• Wet-in-wet: Applying wet paint to a wet surface, allowing the colors to blend and flow together
  • Can be controlled by varying the amount of water and pigment on the brush
  • Creates soft, ethereal effects like misty landscapes or dreamy portraits
• Dry brush: Using a brush with minimal water to apply paint, creating a textured, scratchy effect
  • Can be used to suggest rough surfaces like rocks, tree bark, or weathered wood
• Spattering: Tapping a loaded brush against a finger or stick to create a spray of paint droplets
  • Can be used to add texture and interest to foliage, water, or skies
• Lifting: Removing paint from the paper using a damp brush, sponge, or paper towel
  • Can be used to create highlights, correct mistakes, or reveal underlying layers

Common Challenges and Solutions

• Overworking: Applying too many brushstrokes or layers, resulting in a muddy or dull painting
  • Solution: Work quickly and decisively, allowing each layer to dry before adding more
  • Know when to stop and embrace the inherent simplicity of the medium
• Uneven washes: Inconsistent color or value in a flat wash, often caused by overworking or using too little water
  • Solution: Use enough water to create a bead on the paper, and work quickly from one edge to the other
  • Tilt the paper to encourage the wash to flow evenly
• Hard edges: Unintentional sharp edges between shapes or colors, disrupting the flow of the painting
  • Solution: Soften edges by brushing over them with a damp brush while the paint is still wet
  • Use wet-in-wet techniques to create smooth transitions between colors
• Lack of contrast: A painting that appears flat or lacks depth, often caused by using too narrow a range of values
  • Solution: Establish a strong value structure early on, using a mix of light, medium, and dark tones
  • Use complementary colors to create contrast and vibrancy
• Muddiness: Colors that appear dull or dirty, often caused by overworking or mixing too many colors together
  • Solution: Limit your palette to a few key colors, and mix them thoughtfully
  • Allow each layer to dry completely before adding more paint
• Unwanted blooms or backruns: Accidental effects that occur when wet paint is applied to a damp area
  • Solution: Control the amount of water on your brush and paper, and use these effects intentionally when desired
  • Use a hairdryer or tilt the paper to direct the flow of paint
• Buckling or warping: Paper that wrinkles or buckles when wet, causing uneven washes and pooling
  • Solution: Use heavyweight paper (300 gsm or more) and stretch it before painting
  • Tape the edges of the paper to a board or use a watercolor block to keep it flat
• Overreliance on white: Using opaque white paint to add highlights or correct mistakes, resulting in a chalky or artificial look
  • Solution: Plan your composition carefully, and preserve white areas with masking fluid or by painting around them
  • Use the white of the paper as a highlight, and lift paint to create lighter areas if needed

Applying Techniques to Projects

• Still life: Arrange a simple composition of objects with varying textures, colors, and shapes
  • Use wet-on-dry techniques for crisp edges and details
  • Create soft shadows and highlights with wet-in-wet and lifting techniques
• Landscape: Choose a scene with a clear foreground, middle ground, and background
  • Use wet-in-wet techniques for the sky and distant elements
  • Add texture to trees, rocks, and grass with dry brush and spattering techniques
• Portrait: Work from a reference photo or live model, focusing on capturing likeness and personality
  • Use wet-on-dry techniques for precise features like eyes and lips
  • Suggest hair and clothing textures with dry brush and lifting techniques
• Abstract: Experiment with color, shape, and texture without the constraints of realism
  • Use wet-in-wet and blooming techniques to create organic, flowing shapes
  • Incorporate sgraffito, spattering, and granulation for added visual interest
• Mixed media: Combine watercolor with other materials like ink, collage, or colored pencil
  • Use watercolor as an underpainting or background, then layer other media on top
  • Experiment with resist techniques using masking fluid, wax, or oil pastels
• Plein air: Paint outdoors, capturing the light, color, and atmosphere of a scene in real-time
  • Work quickly and loosely, using wet-in-wet and wet-on-dry techniques
  • Simplify complex scenes into basic shapes and values, focusing on the essentials
• Illustration: Use watercolor to create whimsical, narrative, or decorative images
  • Combine wet-on-dry and wet-in-wet techniques for a mix of crisp and soft edges
  • Use glazing and layering to build up rich, luminous colors
• Sketchbook: Keep a watercolor sketchbook for daily practice, experimentation, and idea generation
  • Test color mixtures, practice techniques, and record observations
  • Embrace imperfection and use the sketchbook as a low-pressure way to explore the medium