media strategies and management unit 13 study guides

Key Concepts and Theories

• Media ethics involves the moral principles and standards that guide media professionals in their work
• Ethical theories such as utilitarianism (maximizing overall happiness) and deontology (following moral rules) can be applied to media ethics
• Media accountability refers to the responsibility of media organizations to be transparent and answerable for their actions and content
  • Includes mechanisms such as corrections, retractions, and ombudsmen
• Ethical codes of conduct, such as the Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics, provide guidelines for responsible media practice
• Media bias can occur due to factors such as ownership, advertising pressure, and personal beliefs of journalists
• Objectivity and fairness are key principles in media ethics, requiring journalists to present balanced and impartial reporting
• Conflict of interest arises when a media professional's personal or financial interests interfere with their ability to report objectively
• Privacy and confidentiality are important ethical considerations, particularly when dealing with sensitive information or vulnerable individuals

Ethical Frameworks in Media

• Consequentialism focuses on the outcomes of actions, judging them based on their overall impact on society
  • Utilitarianism, a form of consequentialism, seeks to maximize overall happiness and well-being
• Deontology emphasizes the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, based on moral rules and duties
  • Kant's Categorical Imperative states that one should act according to principles that could become universal laws
• Virtue ethics focuses on the character and moral virtues of individuals, rather than specific actions or consequences
• Care ethics emphasizes empathy, compassion, and the importance of relationships in moral decision-making
• Social responsibility theory argues that media has a duty to serve the public interest and promote democratic values
• Libertarian theory emphasizes individual freedom and minimal government intervention in media
• Communitarianism stresses the importance of community values and the common good in media ethics

Stakeholder Analysis

• Stakeholders are individuals or groups who can affect or be affected by the actions of a media organization
• Primary stakeholders have a direct interest in the organization, such as employees, shareholders, and audiences
• Secondary stakeholders have an indirect interest, such as regulators, advertisers, and local communities
• Stakeholder mapping involves identifying and prioritizing stakeholders based on their level of interest and influence
• Engaging with stakeholders through dialogue and consultation can help media organizations understand and address ethical concerns
  • Techniques include surveys, focus groups, and public forums
• Balancing the needs and expectations of different stakeholders is a key challenge in media ethics
• Neglecting or marginalizing certain stakeholders can lead to negative consequences, such as loss of trust or legal action

Case Studies and Real-World Examples

• The News of the World phone-hacking scandal (2011) involved journalists illegally accessing voicemails of celebrities, politicians, and crime victims
  • Led to the closure of the newspaper and criminal charges against several individuals
• The Jayson Blair plagiarism scandal (2003) at The New York Times involved a reporter fabricating and plagiarizing stories
  • Resulted in the resignation of top editors and damage to the newspaper's reputation
• The Rolling Stone's "A Rape on Campus" article (2014) was retracted due to major inaccuracies and ethical lapses in reporting
• The Cambridge Analytica scandal (2018) involved the misuse of Facebook user data for political advertising purposes
• The coverage of the Iraq War (2003) raised concerns about media bias, embedded journalism, and reliance on official sources
• The #MeToo movement has highlighted issues of sexual harassment and assault in media industries
• The rise of "fake news" and misinformation online has challenged traditional media ethics and trust in journalism

Legal Considerations

• Media organizations must comply with various laws and regulations, such as defamation, privacy, and copyright laws
• Defamation involves publishing false statements that harm someone's reputation
  • Libel refers to written defamation, while slander refers to spoken defamation
• Privacy laws protect individuals from unwarranted intrusion into their personal lives and the disclosure of private information
• Copyright laws protect the rights of creators to control the use and distribution of their work
• Freedom of the press is protected under the First Amendment in the United States, but is subject to certain limitations
• Shield laws in some jurisdictions protect journalists from revealing confidential sources
• Contempt of court laws prohibit the publication of information that could prejudice legal proceedings
• Regulatory bodies, such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the US, oversee certain aspects of media content and ownership

Decision-Making Models

• The Potter Box is a four-step model for ethical decision-making, involving defining the situation, identifying values, considering principles, and choosing loyalties
• The SAD (Situation, Analysis, Decision) model involves assessing the situation, analyzing ethical principles and stakeholders, and making a decision
• The Poynter Institute's Guiding Principles for the Journalist emphasize the importance of truth, independence, minimizing harm, and accountability
• The Hutchins Commission's Social Responsibility Theory outlines five key functions of the press in a democratic society
• The Society of Professional Journalists' Code of Ethics provides four main principles: seek truth and report it, minimize harm, act independently, and be accountable and transparent
• Ethical decision-making often involves balancing competing principles and considering the consequences of actions
• Engaging in dialogue with colleagues, seeking guidance from professional organizations, and reflecting on personal values can aid in ethical decision-making

Challenges and Controversies

• The concentration of media ownership raises concerns about diversity, independence, and the influence of corporate interests
• The blurring of lines between news, entertainment, and advertising can undermine journalistic integrity and public trust
• The impact of digital technologies, such as social media and algorithms, on news consumption and public discourse
• The spread of misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda online, and the role of media in combating or amplifying these trends
• The representation and treatment of marginalized groups in media, and issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion in media organizations
• The tension between the public's right to know and individual privacy rights, particularly in the context of public figures and whistle-blowers
• The challenges of covering traumatic events, such as wars, disasters, and mass shootings, while minimizing harm to victims and journalists
• The role of media in shaping public opinion and influencing political processes, and the potential for media bias and manipulation

Practical Applications

• Developing and implementing ethical codes of conduct and training programs for media professionals
• Establishing internal mechanisms for ethical oversight, such as ethics committees and ombudsmen
• Fostering a culture of transparency, accountability, and self-reflection within media organizations
• Engaging with audiences and stakeholders to build trust and address concerns about media ethics
• Collaborating with fact-checking organizations and other media outlets to combat misinformation and promote accurate reporting
• Investing in diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives to ensure fair and representative media coverage
• Providing support and resources for journalists covering traumatic events, such as counseling and safety training
• Advocating for legal and policy reforms to protect press freedom, privacy rights, and other ethical principles in media
• Incorporating ethical considerations into the design and development of new media technologies and platforms