mac2233 (6) - calculus for management unit 2 study guides

Key Concepts

• Differentiation involves finding the derivative of a function, which measures the rate of change or slope of the function at any given point
• The derivative of a function $f(x)$ is denoted as $f'(x)$ and represents the instantaneous rate of change of the function with respect to the variable $x$
• Derivatives have numerous applications in management, including optimization, marginal analysis, and understanding the behavior of economic functions
• The process of differentiation follows specific rules and techniques, such as the power rule, product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule
• Derivatives can be used to find the maximum or minimum values of a function, which is essential for solving optimization problems in management
• The first derivative $f'(x)$ provides information about the increasing or decreasing behavior of the function, while the second derivative $f''(x)$ indicates the concavity of the function
• Understanding the graphical interpretation of derivatives helps in visualizing the behavior of functions and making informed decisions in management contexts

Differentiation Basics

• The derivative of a constant function is always zero, as the rate of change of a constant is zero ($\frac{d}{dx}(c) = 0$, where $c$ is a constant)
• The derivative of a linear function $f(x) = mx + b$ is the slope of the line, which is the coefficient of $x$ ($\frac{d}{dx}(mx + b) = m$)
• The power rule states that the derivative of a function $f(x) = x^n$ is $f'(x) = nx^{n-1}$, where $n$ is a real number
  • For example, the derivative of $f(x) = x^3$ is $f'(x) = 3x^2$
• The derivative of a sum or difference of functions is the sum or difference of their derivatives ($\frac{d}{dx}(f(x) \pm g(x)) = f'(x) \pm g'(x)$)
• The derivative of a constant multiple of a function is the constant multiple of the derivative ($\frac{d}{dx}(cf(x)) = cf'(x)$, where $c$ is a constant)
• Higher-order derivatives can be found by differentiating the function multiple times, such as the second derivative $f''(x)$, which is the derivative of the first derivative $f'(x)$

Rules and Techniques

• The product rule states that the derivative of the product of two functions $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ is $\frac{d}{dx}(f(x)g(x)) = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)$
  • For example, if $f(x) = x^2$ and $g(x) = \sin(x)$, then $\frac{d}{dx}(x^2\sin(x)) = 2x\sin(x) + x^2\cos(x)$
• The quotient rule states that the derivative of the quotient of two functions $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ is $\frac{d}{dx}(\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}) = \frac{f'(x)g(x) - f(x)g'(x)}{[g(x)]^2}$, where $g(x) \neq 0$
• The chain rule is used when differentiating composite functions, such as $f(g(x))$, and states that $\frac{d}{dx}(f(g(x))) = f'(g(x))g'(x)$
  • For example, if $f(x) = (2x + 1)^3$, then $f'(x) = 3(2x + 1)^2 \cdot 2 = 6(2x + 1)^2$
• Implicit differentiation is a technique used when the function is not explicitly defined as $y = f(x)$ but instead is given as an implicit equation involving both $x$ and $y$
• Logarithmic differentiation is a technique used when the function is a product or quotient of several terms, involving taking the natural logarithm of both sides before differentiating

Applications in Management

• Marginal analysis involves using derivatives to determine the change in one variable (such as revenue or cost) with respect to a small change in another variable (such as quantity or price)
  • Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue resulting from selling one additional unit, calculated as $MR = \frac{dTR}{dQ}$, where $TR$ is total revenue and $Q$ is quantity
  • Marginal cost is the change in total cost resulting from producing one additional unit, calculated as $MC = \frac{dTC}{dQ}$, where $TC$ is total cost
• Elasticity measures the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another variable and can be calculated using derivatives
  • Price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded in response to a percentage change in price, calculated as $E_d = \frac{%\Delta Q}{%\Delta P} = \frac{dQ}{dP} \cdot \frac{P}{Q}$
• Derivatives can be used to analyze the behavior of economic functions, such as supply and demand curves, to determine equilibrium points and the effects of changes in market conditions
• In finance, derivatives are used to calculate the rate of change of the present value of an investment with respect to the interest rate, known as the duration of the investment

Optimization Problems

• Optimization problems involve finding the maximum or minimum values of a function subject to certain constraints
• To solve optimization problems using differentiation, follow these steps:
  1. Identify the objective function (the function to be maximized or minimized) and the decision variables
  2. Identify any constraints on the decision variables
  3. Use the constraints to express the objective function in terms of a single variable
  4. Find the first derivative of the objective function and set it equal to zero to find the critical points
  5. Evaluate the objective function at the critical points and the endpoints of the domain to determine the maximum or minimum value
• The second derivative test can be used to classify critical points as local maxima, local minima, or neither
  • If $f''(x) < 0$ at a critical point, the point is a local maximum
  • If $f''(x) > 0$ at a critical point, the point is a local minimum
  • If $f''(x) = 0$ at a critical point, the test is inconclusive, and further analysis is needed
• Optimization problems in management include maximizing profit, minimizing cost, optimizing production levels, and finding the optimal pricing strategy

Graphical Interpretation

• The first derivative $f'(x)$ provides information about the increasing or decreasing behavior of the function $f(x)$
  • If $f'(x) > 0$ on an interval, the function is increasing on that interval
  • If $f'(x) < 0$ on an interval, the function is decreasing on that interval
  • If $f'(x) = 0$ at a point, the function has a horizontal tangent line at that point, indicating a potential local maximum, local minimum, or inflection point
• The second derivative $f''(x)$ provides information about the concavity of the function $f(x)$
  • If $f''(x) > 0$ on an interval, the function is concave up on that interval, meaning the graph lies above its tangent lines
  • If $f''(x) < 0$ on an interval, the function is concave down on that interval, meaning the graph lies below its tangent lines
  • If $f''(x) = 0$ at a point, the function has an inflection point at that point, where the concavity changes
• The sign of the first derivative and the concavity of the function can be used to sketch the graph of the function and identify its key features, such as increasing or decreasing intervals, local maxima and minima, and inflection points

Common Pitfalls

• Forgetting to apply the chain rule when differentiating composite functions, leading to incorrect derivatives
• Misapplying the quotient rule by placing the derivative of the denominator in the numerator or forgetting to square the denominator
• Failing to identify all the critical points when solving optimization problems, which may lead to missing the global maximum or minimum
• Incorrectly interpreting the signs of the first and second derivatives, leading to errors in determining the increasing/decreasing behavior and concavity of the function
• Neglecting to consider the domain of the function when solving optimization problems, which may result in extraneous or invalid solutions
• Confusing the concepts of marginal and average values in economic applications, such as marginal cost and average cost
• Misinterpreting the units of the derivative, especially in applications like marginal analysis or elasticity, where the units of the derivative may differ from the units of the original function

Practice Problems

1. Find the derivative of the following functions: a) $f(x) = 3x^4 - 2x^3 + 5x - 1$ b) $g(x) = (x^2 + 1)(2x - 3)$ c) $h(x) = \frac{x^3 - 2x + 1}{x^2 + 3}$ d) $k(x) = (3x^2 + 2x)^5$

2. A company's total revenue function is given by $R(x) = 200x - 0.5x^2$, where $x$ is the number of units sold. Find the marginal revenue function and evaluate it at $x = 100$ units.

3. The total cost function for a product is given by $C(x) = 500 + 10x + 0.02x^2$, where $x$ is the number of units produced. Find the average cost function and the marginal cost function.

4. A rectangular storage container with an open top has a volume of 200 cubic feet. The length of the container is twice its width. Find the dimensions of the container that minimize the surface area.

5. A company's profit function is given by $P(x) = 500x - 10x^2 - 2000$, where $x$ is the number of units produced and sold. Find the production level that maximizes the company's profit.

6. Sketch the graph of the function $f(x) = x^3 - 3x^2 - 9x + 7$ by analyzing its first and second derivatives. Identify any local maxima, local minima, or inflection points.

7. The demand function for a product is given by $P(x) = 100 - 0.5x$, where $P$ is the price per unit and $x$ is the number of units demanded. Find the price elasticity of demand when the price is $50 per unit.