english literature – 1670 to 1850 unit 9 study guides

Key Figures and Their Works

• Thomas Gray (1716-1771) renowned for his "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" (1751) which reflects on mortality and the lives of common people
  • Other notable works include "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College" (1742) and "The Bard" (1757)
• William Collins (1721-1759) known for his imaginative and emotive odes such as "Ode to Evening" (1746) and "Ode on the Poetical Character" (1746)
  • Collins' works often evoke a sense of melancholy and explore themes of nature, imagination, and the creative process
• Both poets were part of the "Graveyard School" of poetry which focused on themes of death, mortality, and the transience of life
• Gray and Collins were friends and correspondents, influencing each other's works and ideas
• Their poetry marks a transition from the Augustan age to the Romantic era, incorporating elements of both styles

Historical and Literary Context

• Gray and Collins wrote during the mid-18th century, a period marked by significant social, political, and cultural changes
• The Enlightenment emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional authority
  • This intellectual movement influenced the poets' questioning of established norms and their focus on personal emotions and experiences
• The rise of the middle class and the growth of literacy led to a broader readership for literature
• The Augustan age (early 18th century) was characterized by a focus on order, balance, and classical forms in poetry
  • Poets such as Alexander Pope and John Dryden were influential during this period
• The Romantic era (late 18th to early 19th century) emphasized imagination, emotion, and individualism in literature
  • Gray and Collins' works anticipate key themes and techniques of Romanticism

Themes and Motifs

• Mortality and the transience of life are central themes in Gray's "Elegy" and Collins' odes
  • The poets reflect on the inevitability of death and the fleeting nature of human existence
• Nature is a prominent motif in their works, often used as a source of inspiration or a reflection of human emotions
  • Gray's "Elegy" is set in a rural churchyard, while Collins' odes frequently evoke natural imagery
• Imagination and creativity are explored in Collins' odes, particularly in "Ode on the Poetical Character"
  • The poet's role as a visionary and the power of the imagination are central concerns
• Melancholy and introspection are common emotional states in their poetry
  • Gray's "Elegy" and Collins' odes often evoke a sense of sadness and contemplation
• The lives of common people and the democratization of subject matter are notable in Gray's "Elegy"
  • The poem reflects on the lives of humble villagers, elevating their experiences and emotions

Poetic Techniques and Style

• Gray and Collins employ a range of poetic techniques to convey their themes and emotions
• Personification is used to imbue abstract concepts or natural elements with human qualities
  • In Collins' "Ode to Evening," evening is personified as a gentle, soothing presence
• Imagery and sensory details create vivid, evocative descriptions that engage the reader's imagination
  • Gray's "Elegy" is rich in visual imagery, describing the churchyard and its surroundings
• Emotive language and tone are used to convey the poets' feelings and create a specific atmosphere
  • Collins' odes often employ a melancholic, introspective tone to reflect on the creative process
• Classical allusions and forms are incorporated, reflecting the influence of the Augustan age
  • Gray's "The Bard" draws on Welsh mythology and history
• Lyrical and melodic qualities are evident in their works, particularly in Collins' odes
  • The poets use rhyme, meter, and sound devices to create a musical, emotive effect

Influence on Romanticism

• Gray and Collins are considered pre-Romantic poets, as their works anticipate key themes and techniques of the Romantic era
• Their focus on emotion, imagination, and individualism prefigures the Romantic emphasis on these qualities
  • The poets' exploration of personal experiences and feelings is a hallmark of Romanticism
• The use of nature as a source of inspiration and a reflection of human emotions is a key Romantic trait
  • Gray and Collins' incorporation of natural imagery and their attentiveness to the natural world anticipate Romantic nature poetry
• The democratization of subject matter, as seen in Gray's "Elegy," is a significant development in the transition towards Romanticism
  • The elevation of common lives and experiences becomes a central concern for Romantic poets
• Their lyrical and melodic qualities, particularly in Collins' odes, anticipate the Romantic emphasis on musicality and the power of language to evoke emotions
• Later Romantic poets, such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, acknowledged the influence of Gray and Collins on their own works

Critical Reception and Legacy

• Gray's "Elegy" was immediately popular upon publication and remains one of the most famous and beloved poems in the English language
  • The poem's universal themes, emotional resonance, and accessibility have contributed to its enduring appeal
• Collins' odes were less widely read during his lifetime but have since been recognized for their imaginative power and technical skill
  • His works have been praised for their evocative imagery, musical qualities, and exploration of the creative process
• Both poets have been studied for their role in the transition from the Augustan age to the Romantic era
  • Literary scholars have examined how their works anticipate and influence key Romantic themes and techniques
• Gray and Collins have been compared to other pre-Romantic and Romantic poets, such as James Thomson and William Cowper
  • Their works have been studied in the context of the broader literary and cultural movements of the 18th and early 19th centuries
• The poets' influence can be seen in the works of later Romantic and Victorian poets
  • William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, among others, have acknowledged the impact of Gray and Collins on their own poetry

Comparative Analysis

• Gray and Collins can be compared in terms of their themes, techniques, and influences
• Both poets explore themes of mortality, nature, and emotion in their works
  • Gray's "Elegy" and Collins' odes reflect on the transience of life and the power of nature to evoke and reflect human feelings
• Their poetic styles incorporate elements of both Augustan and Romantic traditions
  • The poets use classical allusions and forms while also emphasizing imagination, emotion, and individualism
• However, there are also notable differences between the two poets
  • Gray's "Elegy" is more accessible and universally appealing, while Collins' odes are more complex and intellectually challenging
  • Gray's works often have a more formal, restrained tone, while Collins' odes are more emotionally expressive and imaginative
• Comparing Gray and Collins to other pre-Romantic and Romantic poets can reveal the broader literary and cultural context of their works
  • James Thomson's "The Seasons" (1730) and William Cowper's "The Task" (1785) also incorporate natural imagery and reflect on human emotions
  • William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Lyrical Ballads" (1798) marks the full emergence of Romantic poetry, building on the foundations laid by Gray and Collins

Further Reading and Resources

• "Thomas Gray: A Life" by Robert L. Mack (2000) provides a comprehensive biography of the poet and an analysis of his works
• "William Collins and Eighteenth-Century English Poetry" by Richard Wendorf (1981) offers a detailed study of Collins' life, works, and influence
• "The Cambridge Companion to English Poetry, Dryden to Wordsworth" edited by John Sitter (1995) places Gray and Collins in the broader context of 18th-century English poetry
• "The Oxford Handbook of British Poetry, 1660-1800" edited by Jack Lynch (2016) includes essays on Gray, Collins, and the pre-Romantic period
• "The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Period" edited by Stephen Greenblatt (2018) provides a selection of Gray and Collins' works alongside other Romantic poets
• The Thomas Gray Archive (www.thomasgray.org) is a comprehensive online resource featuring Gray's complete works, annotations, and scholarly articles
• The William Collins Society (www.williamcollinssociety.org) is dedicated to the study and appreciation of Collins' life and works, offering resources and events for scholars and enthusiasts