Vital Signs to Know for First Aid

Vital signs are key indicators of a person's health and can reveal critical information during emergencies. Understanding pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness helps in making quick, informed decisions in first aid situations.

1. Pulse rate

   • Measures the number of heartbeats per minute, indicating heart health and circulation.
   • Normal resting pulse rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute.
   • A rapid or weak pulse may indicate shock, dehydration, or heart issues.
   • Can be assessed at various pulse points, such as the wrist (radial) or neck (carotid).
   • Changes in pulse rate can signal stress, illness, or physical activity levels.

2. Respiratory rate

   • Refers to the number of breaths taken per minute, reflecting respiratory function.
   • Normal adult respiratory rate is typically between 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
   • An increased rate (tachypnea) may indicate respiratory distress or anxiety, while a decreased rate (bradypnea) can suggest respiratory failure.
   • Observing the rhythm and depth of breathing is crucial for assessing overall health.
   • Changes in respiratory rate can be a response to pain, fever, or other medical conditions.

3. Blood pressure

   • Measures the force of blood against artery walls, indicating cardiovascular health.
   • Normal blood pressure is generally around 120/80 mmHg; values above or below can indicate health issues.
   • High blood pressure (hypertension) can lead to serious conditions like heart disease and stroke.
   • Blood pressure can fluctuate based on activity, stress, and overall health status.
   • Monitoring blood pressure is essential in first aid to identify potential emergencies.

4. Body temperature

   • Indicates the body's ability to generate and dissipate heat, reflecting metabolic activity.
   • Normal body temperature typically ranges from 97°F to 99°F (36.1°C to 37.2°C).
   • Fever (elevated temperature) can signal infection or illness, while hypothermia (low temperature) can be life-threatening.
   • Temperature can be measured orally, rectally, or via the ear, with each method providing different accuracy levels.
   • Changes in body temperature can guide first aid responses and treatment decisions.

5. Level of consciousness

   • Assesses a person's awareness and responsiveness, crucial for evaluating neurological function.
   • The AVPU scale (Alert, Verbal response, Pain response, Unresponsive) is commonly used to gauge consciousness levels.
   • Changes in consciousness can indicate serious conditions such as head injury, stroke, or drug overdose.
   • Monitoring responsiveness is vital in first aid to determine the need for immediate medical intervention.
   • A decreased level of consciousness may require airway management and other urgent care measures.