Types of Federal Courts

The federal court system plays a crucial role in American government, interpreting laws and ensuring justice. It includes various courts, from the Supreme Court at the top to specialized courts handling specific issues like bankruptcy and international trade.

1. Supreme Court

   • The highest court in the United States, with ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases involving issues of federal law.
   • Composed of nine justices, including one Chief Justice, who are appointed for life by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
   • Has the power of judicial review, allowing it to invalidate laws and executive actions that are deemed unconstitutional.

2. Courts of Appeals (Circuit Courts)

   • Intermediate appellate courts that review decisions made by District Courts and some federal administrative agencies.
   • Organized into 13 circuits, each covering a specific geographic area, with decisions that can set binding precedents within their circuit.
   • Typically, cases are heard by a panel of three judges, and the focus is on whether the law was applied correctly rather than re-evaluating the facts of the case.

3. District Courts

   • The general trial courts of the federal court system, where most federal cases begin.
   • Each state has at least one District Court, with larger states having multiple courts; there are 94 District Courts in total.
   • Judges in District Courts hear both civil and criminal cases, and their decisions can be appealed to the Courts of Appeals.

4. Bankruptcy Courts

   • Specialized courts that handle bankruptcy cases, which involve individuals or businesses seeking relief from debts.
   • Operate as part of the federal court system, with judges appointed to oversee bankruptcy proceedings.
   • Cases can include Chapter 7 (liquidation), Chapter 11 (reorganization), and Chapter 13 (repayment plans) bankruptcies.

5. Court of International Trade

   • A specialized court that deals with cases involving international trade and customs issues.
   • Jurisdiction includes disputes related to tariffs, trade agreements, and the importation of goods.
   • Comprised of judges appointed for life, the court aims to ensure fair trade practices and compliance with U.S. trade laws.

6. Court of Federal Claims

   • A court that hears monetary claims against the United States government, including contract disputes and claims for compensation.
   • Jurisdiction is limited to cases where the government has waived its sovereign immunity, allowing individuals to sue the federal government.
   • Decisions can be appealed to the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals.

7. U.S. Tax Court

   • A specialized court that resolves disputes between taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regarding federal tax issues.
   • Taxpayers can bring cases to the court without having to pay the disputed tax first, which is unique compared to other courts.
   • Judges are appointed for 15-year terms and have expertise in tax law, ensuring informed decisions on complex tax matters.

8. Military Courts

   • Courts that handle legal matters related to military personnel, including courts-martial for criminal offenses under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ).
   • Jurisdiction includes both active-duty service members and, in some cases, veterans and reservists.
   • Military courts operate under different rules and procedures than civilian courts, reflecting the unique nature of military service and discipline.