Routes of Drug Administration

Understanding the various routes of drug administration is crucial in pharmacology and nursing. Each method affects how quickly and effectively medications work, influencing patient care and treatment outcomes. This knowledge helps ensure safe and effective medication delivery.

1. Oral administration

   • Most common route; involves swallowing medication.
   • Absorption occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, influenced by food and pH.
   • First-pass metabolism can reduce drug efficacy before reaching systemic circulation.

2. Sublingual administration

   • Medication is placed under the tongue for rapid absorption.
   • Bypasses first-pass metabolism, leading to quicker onset of action.
   • Ideal for drugs that require rapid effects, such as nitroglycerin.

3. Buccal administration

   • Medication is placed between the gums and cheek for absorption.
   • Similar to sublingual but may have a slower onset due to different absorption sites.
   • Useful for sustained release of medication.

4. Intravenous (IV) administration

   • Direct injection into the bloodstream for immediate effect.
   • Allows for precise control of drug levels and rapid titration.
   • Suitable for emergencies and medications that are poorly absorbed orally.

5. Intramuscular (IM) injection

   • Injection into a muscle, allowing for faster absorption than subcutaneous routes.
   • Suitable for larger volumes of medication and depot injections.
   • Common sites include the deltoid, vastus lateralis, and gluteus maximus.

6. Subcutaneous (SC) injection

   • Injection into the fatty tissue beneath the skin.
   • Slower absorption compared to IM, suitable for medications requiring gradual release.
   • Commonly used for insulin and certain vaccines.

7. Topical application

   • Medication applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes.
   • Localized effect with minimal systemic absorption.
   • Common forms include creams, ointments, and gels.

8. Transdermal administration

   • Medication delivered through the skin via patches for systemic effects.
   • Provides continuous drug delivery over an extended period.
   • Bypasses first-pass metabolism, enhancing bioavailability.

9. Inhalation

   • Medication is inhaled into the lungs for rapid absorption.
   • Commonly used for respiratory conditions, such as asthma.
   • Allows for lower doses and reduced systemic side effects.

10. Rectal administration

    • Medication is inserted into the rectum for local or systemic effects.
    • Useful for patients who are vomiting or unable to take oral medications.
    • Absorption can be variable and influenced by rectal contents.

11. Vaginal administration

    • Medication is inserted into the vagina for local or systemic effects.
    • Commonly used for antifungal treatments and hormonal therapies.
    • Absorption can be affected by menstrual flow and vaginal pH.

12. Intranasal administration

    • Medication is delivered through the nasal mucosa for rapid absorption.
    • Bypasses first-pass metabolism, providing quick onset of action.
    • Useful for certain vaccines and medications like naloxone.

13. Ophthalmic administration

    • Medication is applied directly to the eye for local effects.
    • Common forms include drops, ointments, and gels.
    • Aims to treat conditions like glaucoma and infections.

14. Otic administration

    • Medication is instilled into the ear canal for local effects.
    • Commonly used for ear infections and wax removal.
    • Proper technique is essential to ensure effective delivery.