Mummification Process Steps to Know for Ancient Egyptian Society and Economy

Mummification was a vital practice in Ancient Egypt, reflecting beliefs about the afterlife and the importance of preserving the body. The detailed steps involved show how deeply intertwined this process was with their society, economy, and religious beliefs.

1. Removal of internal organs

   • The heart was typically left in place, as it was considered the seat of intelligence and emotion.
   • Other organs, such as the lungs, stomach, intestines, and liver, were removed to prevent decay.
   • Organs were often treated and preserved separately in canopic jars.

2. Desiccation of the body using natron

   • Natron, a naturally occurring salt, was used to dehydrate the body and prevent decomposition.
   • The body was covered in natron for about 40 days to ensure thorough drying.
   • This step was crucial for preserving the body for the afterlife.

3. Wrapping the body in linen bandages

   • The body was carefully wrapped in multiple layers of linen to protect it from the elements.
   • Bandages were often coated with resin to help hold them in place and provide additional preservation.
   • The wrapping process could take several days and was performed with great care and ritual.

4. Placement of amulets and protective items

   • Amulets were placed within the wrappings or on the body to provide protection in the afterlife.
   • Common amulets included the scarab, which symbolized rebirth and protection.
   • These items were believed to help the deceased navigate the challenges of the afterlife.

5. Anointing with oils and resins

   • The body was anointed with oils and resins to moisturize the skin and enhance preservation.
   • This practice also had spiritual significance, as it was believed to purify the body.
   • Fragrant oils were used to mask the smell of decay and honor the deceased.

6. Removal and separate preservation of the brain

   • The brain was often removed through the nose, a process that was less emphasized than organ removal.
   • In some cases, the brain was discarded, as it was not considered essential for the afterlife.
   • Preservation methods varied, with some cultures opting to treat the brain for later use.

7. Placement of canopic jars with preserved organs

   • Canopic jars were used to store the removed organs, each jar protected by a specific deity.
   • The jars were typically placed in a canopic chest, which was buried with the mummy.
   • This practice ensured that the organs were available for the deceased in the afterlife.

8. Recitation of spells and rituals during the process

   • Rituals and spells were performed to protect the deceased and ensure a safe passage to the afterlife.
   • The "Book of the Dead" contained spells that were often recited during mummification.
   • These rituals were integral to the belief system surrounding death and the afterlife in Ancient Egypt.

9. Final placement in a decorated sarcophagus or coffin

   • The wrapped body was placed in a coffin, often elaborately decorated with inscriptions and images.
   • Sarcophagi were designed to protect the body and provide a resting place for the deceased.
   • The coffin was typically placed in a tomb, which was filled with items for the afterlife.

10. The 70-day duration of the entire mummification process

    • The entire mummification process typically took about 70 days to complete.
    • This duration allowed for thorough desiccation and careful preparation of the body.
    • The length of the process reflected the importance of proper burial practices in Ancient Egyptian society.