Models of Federalism to Know for State Politics and the American Federal System

Models of federalism shape the relationship between state and federal governments in the U.S. They range from clear divisions of power to collaborative efforts, influencing how policies are created and implemented across different levels of government. Understanding these models is key to grasping state politics.

1. Dual Federalism

   • Characterized by a clear division of responsibilities between federal and state governments.
   • Often referred to as "layer cake" federalism, where each level of government operates independently.
   • Emphasizes the importance of state sovereignty and limited federal intervention.

2. Cooperative Federalism

   • Involves collaboration between federal and state governments to address complex issues.
   • Often marked by shared responsibilities and joint funding for programs.
   • Encourages intergovernmental relationships and partnerships to achieve policy goals.

3. Creative Federalism

   • Emerged during the 1960s, focusing on federal initiatives to address social issues.
   • Involves the federal government providing funds and resources to states for specific programs.
   • Promotes innovation in policy-making and encourages states to experiment with new solutions.

4. New Federalism

   • Aims to restore power and autonomy to state governments, reducing federal control.
   • Emphasizes block grants and flexibility for states in implementing federal programs.
   • Seeks to balance the relationship between state and federal authorities.

5. Competitive Federalism

   • Encourages states to compete for residents and businesses by offering better services and policies.
   • Promotes innovation and efficiency as states strive to attract investment and talent.
   • Highlights the role of state governments as laboratories for democracy.

6. Marble Cake Federalism

   • Represents a blending of responsibilities and functions between federal and state governments.
   • Illustrates the interconnectedness of various levels of government in policy implementation.
   • Reflects the complexity of modern governance where boundaries are less distinct.

7. Picket Fence Federalism

   • Describes a model where specific policy areas (like education or healthcare) have vertical relationships among federal, state, and local governments.
   • Emphasizes the importance of collaboration across different levels of government within specific sectors.
   • Highlights the role of interest groups and stakeholders in shaping policy outcomes.

8. Coercive Federalism

   • Involves the federal government using mandates and conditions to influence state policies.
   • Often includes the threat of withholding funds to ensure compliance with federal standards.
   • Reflects a more centralized approach to governance, limiting state discretion.

9. Fiscal Federalism

   • Focuses on the financial relationships between different levels of government.
   • Examines how federal funding and grants impact state budgets and policy decisions.
   • Highlights the role of taxation and spending in shaping intergovernmental relations.

10. Regulatory Federalism

    • Involves the establishment of federal regulations that states must follow.
    • Aims to ensure uniformity in policy areas that cross state lines, such as environmental protection.
    • Balances state autonomy with the need for national standards and regulations.