Major Schools of Indian Philosophy to Know

Indian philosophy is rich with diverse schools that explore reality, self, and liberation. From Vedanta's focus on Brahman and Atman to Buddhism's teachings on suffering, each school offers unique insights into existence and the path to understanding.

1. Vedanta

   • Focuses on the end portions of the Vedas, particularly the Upanishads, which explore the nature of reality and the self.
   • Emphasizes the concept of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (individual self) being one and the same.
   • Major sub-schools include Advaita (non-dualism), Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism), and Dvaita (dualism).
   • Addresses the nature of liberation (moksha) as realization of the unity of Atman and Brahman.

2. Samkhya

   • One of the oldest philosophical systems, it presents a dualistic framework of reality consisting of Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter).
   • Proposes a systematic enumeration of the elements of existence, including the 25 principles (tattvas).
   • Emphasizes the importance of knowledge (jnana) for liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara).
   • Influenced the development of later schools, particularly Yoga.

3. Yoga

   • Focuses on the practice of meditation and physical postures (asanas) to achieve spiritual insight and self-realization.
   • Based on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, which outline the eight limbs (ashtanga) of yoga, including ethical precepts, physical practices, and meditation.
   • Aims for the union of the individual self (Atman) with the universal consciousness (Brahman).
   • Recognizes the importance of discipline (tapas) and devotion (bhakti) in the spiritual journey.

4. Nyaya

   • Primarily concerned with logic and epistemology, it provides a framework for valid reasoning and knowledge acquisition.
   • Introduces the concept of pramanas (means of knowledge), including perception, inference, comparison, and testimony.
   • Aims to establish a systematic approach to philosophical inquiry and debate.
   • Influences other schools by emphasizing the importance of logical analysis in understanding reality.

5. Vaisheshika

   • Focuses on the categorization of reality and the nature of substances, qualities, and actions.
   • Proposes a system of atomism, suggesting that all material objects are composed of indivisible particles (anu).
   • Emphasizes the importance of understanding the nature of the physical world to achieve liberation.
   • Works in conjunction with Nyaya to develop a comprehensive philosophical system.

6. Mimamsa

   • Centers on the interpretation of Vedic texts and the performance of rituals (karma) as a means to achieve dharma (righteousness).
   • Argues for the eternal validity of the Vedas and the necessity of following prescribed rituals for spiritual progress.
   • Focuses on the philosophy of action and the significance of intention behind rituals.
   • Lays the groundwork for later developments in Vedanta by addressing the nature of dharma and the role of the individual.

7. Buddhism

   • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), it emphasizes the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means to end suffering (dukkha).
   • Rejects the notion of a permanent self (Atman) and introduces the concept of Anatta (non-self).
   • Focuses on the practice of mindfulness and meditation to achieve enlightenment (nirvana).
   • Influences various philosophical and spiritual traditions in India and beyond.

8. Jainism

   • Founded by Mahavira, it emphasizes non-violence (ahimsa) and the importance of asceticism for spiritual liberation.
   • Teaches the concept of karma and the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara) influenced by one's actions.
   • Advocates for the practice of truthfulness, non-possessiveness, and self-discipline.
   • Recognizes the existence of multiple realities and the importance of individual experience in understanding truth.

9. Charvaka/Lokayata

   • A materialistic and skeptical school that rejects metaphysical speculation and emphasizes direct experience.
   • Advocates for a hedonistic approach to life, focusing on sensory pleasure and empirical evidence.
   • Critiques the authority of the Vedas and the existence of an afterlife, promoting a pragmatic worldview.
   • Represents a counterpoint to the more spiritual and ascetic traditions in Indian philosophy.

10. Kashmir Shaivism

    • A non-dualistic school that emphasizes the identity of the individual self (Shiva) with the universal consciousness.
    • Focuses on the practice of meditation and the experience of divine presence in everyday life.
    • Introduces the concept of Shakti (divine energy) as essential to understanding the nature of reality.
    • Influences various aspects of spirituality, art, and culture in the Kashmir region and beyond.