Levels of Vehicle Autonomy

Understanding the levels of vehicle autonomy is key to grasping how autonomous vehicle systems work. These levels range from no automation, where the driver is fully in control, to full automation, where the vehicle operates independently.

1. Level 0: No Automation

   • The driver is fully responsible for all driving tasks.
   • No automated features are present; the vehicle does not assist in any way.
   • Safety features may exist (e.g., warning systems), but they do not control the vehicle.

2. Level 1: Driver Assistance

   • The vehicle can assist with either steering or acceleration/deceleration, but not both simultaneously.
   • The driver must remain engaged and monitor the environment at all times.
   • Examples include adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping assistance.

3. Level 2: Partial Automation

   • The vehicle can control both steering and acceleration/deceleration simultaneously under certain conditions.
   • The driver must still supervise the driving environment and be ready to take control at any moment.
   • Common systems include advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) like Tesla's Autopilot.

4. Level 3: Conditional Automation

   • The vehicle can handle all driving tasks in specific conditions (e.g., highway driving).
   • The driver must be available to take over when requested by the system.
   • The vehicle can make decisions and respond to the environment without driver intervention in designated scenarios.

5. Level 4: High Automation

   • The vehicle can perform all driving tasks in most environments without human intervention.
   • The system can handle situations and make decisions, but may require human input in complex scenarios.
   • Examples include autonomous shuttles operating in defined areas.

6. Level 5: Full Automation

   • The vehicle is capable of performing all driving tasks in all conditions without any human intervention.
   • No steering wheel or pedals may be necessary, as the vehicle operates entirely autonomously.
   • This level represents the ultimate goal of autonomous vehicle technology, with full independence from human drivers.