Key Regulations and Principles

Securities laws are crucial for maintaining transparency and fairness in financial markets. They protect investors by requiring companies to disclose important information, register securities, and adhere to strict regulations, ensuring informed decision-making and accountability in management practices.

1. Securities Act of 1933

   • Aims to ensure transparency in financial statements so investors can make informed decisions.
   • Requires registration of securities with the SEC before they can be sold to the public.
   • Mandates the provision of a prospectus containing detailed information about the investment.

2. Securities Exchange Act of 1934

   • Established the SEC to regulate the securities industry and protect investors.
   • Requires periodic reporting by publicly traded companies to ensure ongoing transparency.
   • Prohibits manipulative and deceptive practices in the trading of securities.

3. Investment Company Act of 1940

   • Regulates investment companies, including mutual funds, to protect investors.
   • Requires investment companies to register with the SEC and adhere to specific operational standards.
   • Mandates disclosure of financial information to investors to promote informed decision-making.

4. Investment Advisers Act of 1940

   • Requires investment advisers to register with the SEC or state regulators, depending on their assets under management.
   • Imposes fiduciary duty on advisers to act in the best interest of their clients.
   • Mandates disclosure of fees, conflicts of interest, and investment strategies to clients.

5. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

   • Enacted in response to corporate scandals to enhance corporate governance and accountability.
   • Requires CEOs and CFOs to certify the accuracy of financial statements.
   • Establishes stricter penalties for fraudulent financial activity and enhances the independence of auditors.

6. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010

   • Aims to reduce risks in the financial system following the 2008 financial crisis.
   • Introduces measures to regulate derivatives and increase transparency in financial markets.
   • Establishes the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to protect consumers in financial transactions.

7. Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act of 2012

   • Facilitates capital raising for small businesses and startups through relaxed regulations.
   • Introduces crowdfunding provisions allowing companies to raise funds from a large number of investors.
   • Increases the threshold for mandatory SEC registration, easing the burden on smaller companies.

8. Insider trading regulations

   • Prohibit buying or selling securities based on non-public, material information.
   • Enforce penalties for individuals and companies that engage in insider trading.
   • Aim to maintain fair and equitable markets by preventing unfair advantages.

9. Registration requirements for securities offerings

   • Companies must file a registration statement with the SEC before offering securities to the public.
   • The registration statement must include detailed information about the company, its management, and the securities being offered.
   • Exemptions exist for certain types of offerings, such as private placements and intrastate offerings.

10. Disclosure requirements for public companies

    • Public companies must provide regular financial reports, including annual (10-K) and quarterly (10-Q) filings.
    • Must disclose material events that could impact the company’s financial condition or operations.
    • Ensures that investors have access to timely and accurate information to make informed investment decisions.