Key Puritan Authors

Why This Matters

Puritan literature isn't just a collection of old religious texts—it's the foundation of American literary identity. When you're tested on this material, you're being asked to understand how these authors established enduring themes: the tension between individual conscience and community obligation, the belief in America as a divinely ordained project, and the struggle to reconcile human experience with theological doctrine. These writers created the first distinctly American voice, one that echoes through Hawthorne, Melville, Emerson, and beyond.

Don't just memorize names and titles. Know what each author reveals about Puritan worldview: Bradford and Winthrop established the communal vision; Bradstreet and Taylor explored private devotion; Edwards and Wigglesworth dramatized salvation anxiety; Rowlandson created the captivity narrative genre. When an essay prompt asks you to analyze Puritan literature, you're being tested on your ability to connect individual works to these larger cultural and theological currents.

---

Architects of the Puritan Community Vision

These authors articulated the foundational myth of American exceptionalism—the idea that the colonial project was divinely sanctioned and that settlers bore collective responsibility for its success. Their works function as both historical record and theological argument.

William Bradford

• "Of Plymouth Plantation"—the definitive chronicle of the Pilgrims' journey and the Plymouth Colony's first decades, written in the plain style that Puritans valued for its clarity and humility
• Divine providence structures his narrative, with every hardship and success interpreted as God's direct intervention in colonial affairs
• Historical significance extends beyond literature; Bradford's account remains a primary source for understanding early colonial governance and the Mayflower Compact

John Winthrop

• "A Model of Christian Charity" (1630)—delivered aboard the Arbella, this sermon introduced the "city upon a hill" metaphor that has shaped American political rhetoric for four centuries
• Covenant theology underpins his vision: the Massachusetts Bay Colony exists as a binding agreement between settlers and God, with collective accountability for individual sins
• Community over individualism—Winthrop's emphasis on mutual obligation and shared moral responsibility established a tension that runs throughout American literature

---

Private Devotion and Poetic Expression

While public sermons shaped community life, these poets explored the interior landscape of Puritan faith. Their work reveals the personal cost of maintaining spiritual vigilance and the surprising range of emotion within Puritan devotional practice.

Anne Bradstreet

• First published American female poet—"The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America" (1650) was published in London without her initial consent, establishing her transatlantic literary reputation
• Domestic and spiritual themes intertwine in poems like "Upon the Burning of Our House," where material loss becomes occasion for theological reflection on earthly attachment
• Gender and authority—Bradstreet navigates the tension between her intellectual ambitions and Puritan expectations for women, often using self-deprecating prefaces that scholars read as strategic rather than sincere

Edward Taylor

• "Preparatory Meditations"—a series of poems written before administering communion, unpublished during his lifetime and discovered only in 1937
• Metaphysical style connects him to English poets like Donne and Herbert; his elaborate conceits (extended metaphors) transform ordinary objects into vehicles for theological insight
• Personal piety over public performance—Taylor's decision not to publish suggests poetry functioned as private spiritual discipline rather than communal instruction

---

Salvation Anxiety and the Rhetoric of Fear

These authors confronted their audiences with the terrifying stakes of Puritan theology: eternal damnation was real, imminent, and avoidable only through genuine conversion. Their rhetorical strategies—vivid imagery, emotional intensity, apocalyptic framing—aimed to shake listeners out of spiritual complacency.

Jonathan Edwards

• "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741)—the most famous sermon of the First Great Awakening, using visceral imagery (the spider dangled over fire) to provoke immediate emotional response
• Sensory rhetoric distinguishes Edwards from earlier Puritan preachers; he appeals to feeling and imagination, not just intellect, reflecting Enlightenment-era interest in human psychology
• Theological complexity often overlooked—Edwards was a sophisticated philosopher who wrote extensively on free will, religious affections, and the nature of true virtue

Michael Wigglesworth

• "The Day of Doom" (1662)—a 224-stanza poem depicting the Last Judgment, became colonial America's first bestseller and remained popular for over a century
• Ballad meter made theological content accessible and memorable; families read it aloud, and children memorized passages
• Infant damnation section controversially depicts unbaptized babies receiving "the easiest room in hell," illustrating the harsh logic of Calvinist predestination

---

Puritan Intellectuals and Institutional Authority

These figures wielded influence through institutional positions—as ministers, college presidents, and public intellectuals. Their writings address not just individual salvation but the governance of churches, the nature of evil, and the relationship between faith and reason.

Cotton Mather

• "Magnalia Christi Americana" (1702)—a massive ecclesiastical history of New England framing colonial settlement as continuation of the Protestant Reformation
• Salem witch trials association complicates his legacy; while he didn't preside over trials, his writings on witchcraft contributed to the climate of fear
• Science and faith—Mather was elected to the Royal Society and promoted smallpox inoculation, demonstrating Puritan engagement with Enlightenment knowledge

Increase Mather

• "Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits" (1693)—written during the Salem trials, this work actually cautioned against spectral evidence (testimony that the accused's spirit appeared to the witness)
• Harvard College president and influential Boston minister, representing the institutional power of the Puritan clergy
• Father of Cotton Mather—their relationship illustrates the dynastic nature of Puritan intellectual authority and the transmission of theological concerns across generations

Thomas Shepard

• "The Parable of the Ten Virgins"—extended sermon series emphasizing spiritual preparedness and the danger of false assurance of salvation
• Conversion morphology—Shepard helped codify the stages of authentic religious experience that candidates for church membership were expected to narrate
• Cambridge minister whose congregation included Harvard students, giving him significant influence over the colony's future leaders

---

The Captivity Narrative Tradition

Mary Rowlandson's account established a distinctly American genre that would influence literature for centuries. The captivity narrative combines adventure, spiritual autobiography, and cultural encounter, using the structure of trial and deliverance to reinforce Puritan theology.

Mary Rowlandson

• "A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration" (1682)—first American prose bestseller, recounting her eleven-week captivity during King Philip's War (1675-76)
• "Removes" structure—Rowlandson organizes her narrative around twenty geographical movements, each interpreted through biblical typology as stages in a spiritual journey
• Cultural encounter provides rare firsthand account of Native American life, though filtered through Puritan assumptions about "savagery" and divine providence

---

Quick Reference Table

---

Self-Check Questions

1. Which two authors best represent the tension between public community vision and private devotional practice in Puritan literature? What distinguishes their approaches?

2. How do Edwards and Wigglesworth both use fear as a rhetorical strategy, and what key differences in style and audience separate their works?

3. Compare Bradstreet and Rowlandson as female voices in Puritan literature. What genres do they work in, and how do their works address women's experience differently?

4. If an FRQ asked you to analyze how Puritan authors interpreted hardship as divine providence, which three authors would provide the strongest evidence, and why?

5. Explain the difference between Cotton Mather's and Increase Mather's positions on the Salem witch trials. Why does this distinction matter for understanding the range of Puritan thought?