Figured Bass Symbols

Figured bass symbols are essential for understanding chord structures and their functions in harmonic analysis. They indicate how chords are built and how they move, providing insight into the underlying harmonic progressions that shape music.

1. Root position (no figure or 5/3)

   • Indicates a triad where the root is the lowest note.
   • No figures are necessary; the absence of a figure implies root position.
   • Commonly used as a stable foundation in harmonic progressions.

2. First inversion (6 or 6/3)

   • The third of the triad is the lowest note.
   • Notated as "6" or "6/3" depending on the context.
   • Creates a smoother bass line and can lead to more interesting harmonic movement.

3. Second inversion (6/4)

   • The fifth of the triad is the lowest note.
   • Notated as "6/4" to indicate the interval structure.
   • Often used to create a sense of suspension or to prepare for a resolution.

4. Seventh chords (7)

   • Consists of a triad plus a seventh above the root.
   • Notated simply as "7" without additional figures.
   • Adds complexity and tension, often leading to a resolution in harmonic progressions.

5. First inversion seventh chords (6/5)

   • The third of the seventh chord is the lowest note.
   • Notated as "6/5" to indicate the inversion.
   • Provides a smoother transition and can enhance voice leading.

6. Second inversion seventh chords (4/3)

   • The fifth of the seventh chord is the lowest note.
   • Notated as "4/3" to show the interval structure.
   • Often used in cadential contexts to create a strong resolution.

7. Third inversion seventh chords (4/2)

   • The seventh of the seventh chord is the lowest note.
   • Notated as "4/2" to indicate the inversion.
   • Commonly leads to a resolution, especially in dominant seventh chords.

8. Diminished seventh chords (o7)

   • Consists of a diminished triad plus a diminished seventh.
   • Notated as "o7" to indicate the diminished quality.
   • Creates significant tension and is often used to modulate or resolve to other chords.

9. Augmented sixth chords (It+6, Fr+6, Ger+6)

   • Comprised of an augmented sixth interval and other chord tones.
   • Notated as "It+6" (Italian), "Fr+6" (French), and "Ger+6" (German).
   • Functions to resolve to the dominant chord, creating strong harmonic movement.

10. Neapolitan sixth chord (N6)

    • Built on the lowered second scale degree and in first inversion.
    • Notated as "N6" to indicate its unique quality.
    • Typically resolves to the dominant chord, providing a rich harmonic color.