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🧺Foundations of Social Work Practice

Core Social Work Values

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Why This Matters

The six core values of social work aren't just abstract ideals you'll see on a poster in your field placement office—they're the ethical backbone of every decision you'll make as a practitioner. When you're sitting across from a client facing eviction, advocating for policy change, or navigating a complex family system, these values tell you how to act and why certain approaches align with professional standards. Exams will test whether you can identify which value applies in a given scenario, recognize when values conflict, and articulate how practitioners balance competing ethical obligations.

Understanding these values means grasping the difference between service as charity versus professional obligation, recognizing how dignity shapes client self-determination, and knowing why competence requires ongoing growth rather than a one-time credential. You're being tested on your ability to apply these values to real practice dilemmas—not just recite definitions. Don't just memorize the six terms; know what each value looks like in action and how they interact when ethical tensions arise.


Values That Center the Client

These values place the individual at the heart of practice, emphasizing that effective social work begins with honoring who clients are and what they bring to the helping relationship.

Dignity and Worth of the Person

  • Inherent worth—every individual deserves respect regardless of circumstances, history, or social position
  • Self-determination requires practitioners to support clients' rights to make their own choices, even when we disagree
  • Cultural humility connects here; honoring dignity means recognizing diverse perspectives and avoiding imposing your values

Importance of Human Relationships

  • Relationships as vehicles for change—the therapeutic alliance and community connections are how healing actually happens
  • Engagement skills matter because trust-building isn't optional; it's the mechanism through which intervention works
  • Systems perspective recognizes that individuals exist within families, groups, and communities that shape their experiences

Compare: Dignity and Worth vs. Importance of Human Relationships—both center the client, but dignity focuses on individual autonomy while relationships emphasize connection and interdependence. FRQs may ask you to navigate tensions between respecting a client's choice to isolate and recognizing their need for support systems.


Values That Drive Broader Change

These values push practitioners beyond individual casework toward challenging the systems and structures that create the problems clients face.

Social Justice

  • Structural analysis—social workers identify how policies, institutions, and power dynamics create inequality
  • Advocacy obligation means actively challenging discrimination, oppression, and unequal access to resources
  • Macro practice connects directly here; this value grounds community organizing, policy work, and systemic change efforts

Service

  • Professional obligation, not charity—service is a commitment embedded in the profession's identity, not optional volunteerism
  • Pro bono expectations reflect the value that access to help shouldn't depend solely on ability to pay
  • Community well-being extends service beyond individual clients to populations and society

Compare: Social Justice vs. Service—both involve helping others, but service emphasizes direct assistance while social justice targets root causes and systemic barriers. A strong exam answer distinguishes between providing resources to a family (service) and advocating for affordable housing policy (social justice).


Values That Govern Professional Conduct

These values address how practitioners carry themselves—ensuring that the way we practice matches the ethical standards of the profession.

Integrity

  • Ethical consistency—practitioners behave according to professional standards even when no one is watching
  • Transparency with clients means being honest about limitations, processes, and what clients can expect
  • Accountability requires owning mistakes and addressing them rather than deflecting responsibility

Competence

  • Knowledge and skill base—practitioners must actually know what they're doing before intervening in people's lives
  • Lifelong learning obligation means competence isn't achieved once; it requires continuous professional development
  • Scope of practice awareness prevents harm; competent practitioners recognize when to refer out

Compare: Integrity vs. Competence—both govern professional behavior, but integrity focuses on ethical character while competence addresses capability. You can have integrity without competence (honest but ineffective) or competence without integrity (skilled but unethical). The profession demands both.


Quick Reference Table

ConceptBest Examples
Client autonomyDignity and Worth, Self-determination
Systemic changeSocial Justice, Advocacy
Professional obligationService, Competence
Ethical conductIntegrity, Transparency
Relationship-based practiceImportance of Human Relationships, Engagement
Ongoing developmentCompetence, Lifelong learning
Power analysisSocial Justice, Dignity and Worth

Self-Check Questions

  1. A client wants to make a decision you believe will harm them. Which two values are in tension, and how would you navigate this using the NASW Code of Ethics?

  2. Compare and contrast how Service and Social Justice might guide a practitioner responding to food insecurity in a community.

  3. Which value most directly supports a practitioner's decision to pursue additional training before working with a population they're unfamiliar with?

  4. If an FRQ presents a scenario where a practitioner discovers a colleague is practicing outside their expertise, which two values would frame your response?

  5. How does Dignity and Worth of the Person connect to culturally responsive practice? Identify a specific practice behavior that demonstrates this connection.