Common Cyber Attack Vectors

Understanding common cyber attack vectors is crucial in cybersecurity and cryptography. These attacks, like phishing and malware, exploit vulnerabilities to steal data or disrupt systems. Knowing how they work helps protect sensitive information and maintain secure communications.

1. Phishing

   • A deceptive attempt to obtain sensitive information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in electronic communications.
   • Commonly delivered through emails, messages, or websites that appear legitimate.
   • Can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and unauthorized access to accounts.

2. Malware

   • Malicious software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.
   • Types include viruses, worms, trojans, and spyware, each with different methods of infection and impact.
   • Often delivered through infected downloads, email attachments, or compromised websites.

3. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks

   • An attack where the attacker secretly intercepts and relays messages between two parties who believe they are communicating directly.
   • Can occur over unsecured Wi-Fi networks, allowing attackers to capture sensitive data like login credentials.
   • Encryption and secure connections (HTTPS) are essential to mitigate these attacks.

4. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)

   • An attack that overwhelms a target's resources, making it unavailable to users by flooding it with traffic from multiple sources.
   • Often executed using botnets, which are networks of compromised devices.
   • Can cause significant downtime and financial loss for businesses and organizations.

5. SQL injection

   • A code injection technique that exploits vulnerabilities in an application's software by inserting malicious SQL queries.
   • Can allow attackers to view, modify, or delete database information, including sensitive data.
   • Proper input validation and parameterized queries are critical defenses against this attack.

6. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

   • A vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by users.
   • Can lead to session hijacking, defacement of websites, or redirecting users to malicious sites.
   • Implementing content security policies and input sanitization can help prevent XSS attacks.

7. Social engineering

   • Manipulative tactics used to trick individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions that compromise security.
   • Techniques include pretexting, baiting, and tailgating, often relying on psychological manipulation.
   • Awareness training and verification processes are essential to combat social engineering threats.

8. Password attacks

   • Techniques used to gain unauthorized access to accounts by cracking or guessing passwords.
   • Common methods include brute force attacks, dictionary attacks, and credential stuffing.
   • Strong password policies, multi-factor authentication, and regular password changes can mitigate these risks.

9. Zero-day exploits

   • Attacks that occur on vulnerabilities that are unknown to the software vendor and have not yet been patched.
   • Highly valuable to attackers due to their stealth and the lack of available defenses.
   • Regular software updates and security patches are crucial to minimize the risk of zero-day attacks.

10. Ransomware

    • A type of malware that encrypts a victim's files, rendering them inaccessible until a ransom is paid.
    • Often spread through phishing emails or malicious downloads, targeting both individuals and organizations.
    • Regular backups and robust security measures are essential to protect against ransomware attacks.