Vishishtadvaita

Definition

Vishishtadvaita is a non-dualistic philosophy within Hinduism, articulated by the philosopher Ramanuja in the 11th century. It emphasizes the concept of qualified non-dualism, positing that the individual soul (jiva) is distinct yet inseparable from the supreme reality (Brahman). This philosophy bridges the gap between complete dualism and absolute non-dualism, asserting that while the soul and God are different, they are also fundamentally interconnected.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Ramanuja's teachings on vishishtadvaita emphasize that while God (Brahman) and individual souls (jivas) are distinct entities, they are also fundamentally connected through God's qualities and attributes.
2. This philosophy affirms the reality of the world and sees it as a manifestation of Brahman's creative power, countering the idea of complete illusion found in some other schools of thought.
3. Vishishtadvaita advocates for devotion (bhakti) as a means to achieve liberation (moksha), suggesting that a personal relationship with God is vital for spiritual growth.
4. The teachings of vishishtadvaita have had a profound influence on various religious movements within Hinduism, shaping devotional practices and theological discussions.
5. Ramanuja wrote several important texts on vishishtadvaita, including the 'Sri Bhashya,' which comments on the Brahma Sutras and outlines his philosophical views.

Review Questions

• How does vishishtadvaita differ from other philosophical schools within Hinduism?
  • Vishishtadvaita stands out from other schools like Advaita Vedanta due to its belief in qualified non-dualism. While Advaita Vedanta posits that the individual soul and Brahman are ultimately identical, vishishtadvaita recognizes them as distinct yet inseparably linked. This perspective allows for the acknowledgment of diversity in creation while maintaining a connection to the divine essence of Brahman.
• Discuss the role of devotion (bhakti) in vishishtadvaita and its significance in achieving liberation.
  • In vishishtadvaita, devotion or bhakti is central to spiritual practice. It promotes a personal relationship with God, which Ramanuja emphasized as essential for attaining liberation (moksha). By engaging in heartfelt worship and surrendering to God's will, followers believe they can transcend their individual limitations and realize their unity with Brahman while still acknowledging their distinct identity.
• Evaluate the impact of Ramanuja's philosophy of vishishtadvaita on contemporary Hindu thought and practice.
  • Ramanuja's philosophy of vishishtadvaita has significantly influenced contemporary Hindu thought by reinforcing the importance of personal devotion alongside philosophical understanding. His ideas have inspired various devotional movements and shaped how individuals relate to the divine. The emphasis on bhakti fosters inclusivity within Hinduism, encouraging diverse expressions of faith while grounding them in a shared philosophical framework that acknowledges both unity and individuality in relation to Brahman.

Related terms

Brahman: In Hindu philosophy, Brahman is the ultimate, unchanging reality, which is both transcendent and immanent, often viewed as the source of all existence.

Advaita Vedanta: A school of Hindu philosophy that teaches non-dualism, asserting that the individual self (Atman) and Brahman are identical and that any perceived difference is an illusion.

Bhakti: A devotional trend within Hinduism that emphasizes loving devotion to a personal god, which plays a significant role in vishishtadvaita by promoting a personal relationship with Brahman.