Dvaita

Definition

Dvaita is a dualistic school of philosophy within Hinduism that posits a clear distinction between the individual soul (atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman). This perspective emphasizes that the individual soul is separate from God and cannot merge with Him, contrasting with non-dualistic views that see the two as fundamentally the same. Dvaita plays a significant role in the broader discourse of Indian philosophical texts, particularly in its exploration of devotion, ethics, and the nature of reality.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Dvaita was founded by the philosopher Madhvacharya in the 13th century and is known for its strong emphasis on personal devotion to God.
2. The school argues that the distinction between God (Vishnu) and individual souls is permanent and essential for understanding the divine relationship.
3. In dvaita philosophy, God is viewed as the supreme being who creates, sustains, and governs the universe while being distinct from His creations.
4. Devotional practices in dvaita often involve chanting, singing hymns, and rituals directed toward Vishnu or his avatars, reinforcing the personal connection with divinity.
5. Dvaita has had a lasting influence on various sects within Hinduism, promoting ideas of devotion and ethical living based on one's relationship with God.

Review Questions

• How does dvaita contrast with advaita in terms of the relationship between the individual soul and ultimate reality?
  • Dvaita contrasts sharply with advaita by asserting that there is a fundamental difference between the individual soul (atman) and ultimate reality (Brahman). While advaita teaches that they are ultimately one and the same, dvaita maintains that each soul is distinct and cannot merge with God. This dualistic approach emphasizes personal devotion and a unique relationship between God and each individual, creating a more personal form of spirituality.
• What role does bhakti play in dvaita philosophy and how does it influence practices among its followers?
  • In dvaita philosophy, bhakti plays a central role as it fosters a personal relationship between devotees and God. This devotion encourages followers to engage in practices such as prayer, singing hymns, and rituals aimed at worshiping Vishnu or his avatars. The emphasis on loving devotion reinforces the idea that while individuals are distinct from God, they can still maintain a close and loving connection with Him through bhakti.
• Evaluate the impact of dvaita on contemporary Hindu practices and beliefs regarding personal identity and spirituality.
  • Dvaita significantly influences contemporary Hindu practices by reinforcing the notion of personal identity as distinct from God while advocating for an active devotional life. Many modern Hindus incorporate dvaita principles into their spiritual lives through practices centered around worshiping deities like Vishnu. This dualistic framework encourages followers to explore their individuality while fostering a strong sense of community through shared rituals and beliefs about divine love and mercy.

Related terms

Advaita: Advaita is a non-dualistic school of thought in Hindu philosophy which teaches that the individual soul and Brahman are essentially one and the same.

Bhakti: Bhakti refers to a devotional approach in Hinduism emphasizing love and devotion towards a personal god, which is integral to dvaita philosophy.

Vedanta:

Vedanta is a major school of Hindu philosophy that encompasses various interpretations of the Upanishads, including dvaita as one of its perspectives on ultimate reality.