Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs)

Definition

Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) are a type of missile that is launched from submarines and designed to deliver nuclear warheads to long-range targets. They represent a critical component of the United States' nuclear triad, ensuring a second-strike capability that deters potential adversaries. The development and deployment of SLBMs played a significant role in shaping military strategy during the Cold War, particularly as part of the policies of deterrence and arms control, including efforts during Nixon's era.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The first successful test launch of an SLBM was conducted by the U.S. Navy in 1960 with the Polaris missile, marking a significant advancement in strategic military capabilities.
2. SLBMs enhance survivability for nuclear arsenals since submarines can operate undetected underwater, making it difficult for adversaries to target them before they launch.
3. During Nixon's presidency, the U.S. expanded its SLBM capabilities as part of its broader strategy to maintain a credible nuclear deterrent against the Soviet Union.
4. The development of SLBMs contributed to the arms race during the Cold War, as both the U.S. and the Soviet Union sought to enhance their nuclear capabilities through advancements in missile technology.
5. SLBMs are often equipped with Multiple Independently targetable Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs), allowing one missile to carry multiple warheads that can hit different targets.

Review Questions

• How did the introduction of SLBMs change military strategy during Nixon's administration?
  • The introduction of SLBMs during Nixon's administration transformed military strategy by enhancing America's second-strike capability. This capability meant that even if adversaries were able to strike first, U.S. submarines could retaliate from concealed positions underwater. This shift emphasized deterrence through survivability and reinforced the policy of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), making it clear that any nuclear attack would result in devastating retaliation.
• Discuss how SLBMs were significant in the context of détente between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
  • SLBMs played a pivotal role in shaping arms control discussions during the détente period. As both nations aimed to reduce tensions and avoid nuclear confrontation, SLBMs became a focal point in negotiations concerning limitations on nuclear arsenals. Agreements such as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) addressed SLBM deployment and helped manage the balance of power, reflecting an understanding of mutual security needs while maintaining a robust deterrent.
• Evaluate the implications of SLBM technology on international relations and global security dynamics in the post-Cold War era.
  • In the post-Cold War era, SLBM technology has significantly influenced international relations and global security dynamics. The continued modernization and proliferation of SLBM capabilities among various nations have heightened concerns regarding regional conflicts and strategic stability. As more countries develop their own submarine-launched systems, it raises questions about arms control frameworks and the potential for misunderstandings or escalation during crises. The presence of SLBMs in various navies contributes to a complex security environment where deterrence remains essential but increasingly challenging to manage effectively.

Related terms

Nuclear Triad: A military strategy that incorporates three components of nuclear delivery systems: land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), strategic bombers, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).

Détente: A period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, characterized by negotiations, treaties, and a reduction in hostilities.

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): A military doctrine where both opposing sides possess enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other, which serves as a deterrent against the use of those weapons.