General Strain Theory

Definition

General strain theory posits that individuals may engage in deviant behavior as a result of experiencing strain or stressors, particularly when they perceive that they cannot achieve societal goals through legitimate means. This theory connects the emotional responses to strain, such as anger and frustration, with the likelihood of criminal behavior, suggesting that those who feel blocked from success may resort to illegal activities to cope or retaliate.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. General strain theory was developed by Robert Agnew in the 1990s and expands on traditional strain theories by incorporating a broader range of strains that can lead to criminal behavior.
2. The theory identifies three major sources of strain: failure to achieve positively valued goals, removal of positive stimuli, and the presence of negative stimuli.
3. Emotional responses to strain, especially negative emotions like anger, can increase the likelihood of engaging in deviant acts as individuals seek to relieve their distress.
4. General strain theory emphasizes that not everyone who experiences strain will resort to crime; individual coping mechanisms and social support systems play significant roles.
5. The application of general strain theory in legal and criminal justice contexts can help inform prevention strategies and interventions aimed at reducing crime through addressing the root causes of strain.

Review Questions

• How does general strain theory explain the relationship between societal goals and deviant behavior?
  • General strain theory explains that when individuals face barriers in achieving societal goals, they may experience feelings of frustration and anger. These emotional responses can drive some individuals to engage in deviant behaviors as a means of coping or retaliating against their perceived injustices. Thus, the inability to attain success through legitimate means creates a motivation for individuals to resort to illegal actions.
• Discuss how the identification of different sources of strain contributes to understanding criminal behavior within the framework of general strain theory.
  • The identification of different sources of strain, including failure to achieve positively valued goals, removal of positive stimuli, and exposure to negative stimuli, enhances our understanding of criminal behavior by highlighting the varied experiences that lead individuals towards deviance. Each source represents a distinct challenge that can trigger negative emotional responses. Recognizing these factors allows for more targeted approaches in addressing potential pathways to crime and helps criminal justice professionals create effective interventions tailored to specific strains.
• Evaluate how general strain theory can be applied in developing policies aimed at reducing crime rates within communities facing high levels of stress and adversity.
  • Applying general strain theory in policy development involves creating programs that address the underlying sources of strain experienced by individuals in communities with high levels of stress. For example, policies could focus on improving access to education and employment opportunities, providing mental health support, and fostering social networks that promote resilience. By alleviating the strains that contribute to criminal behavior, such initiatives could potentially reduce crime rates and enhance community well-being by targeting both the immediate emotional responses and the structural inequalities that create these strains.

Related terms

Strain: Strain refers to the pressure or stress individuals experience due to unmet expectations or obstacles in achieving desired goals.

Deviant Behavior: Deviant behavior encompasses actions that violate social norms and expectations, often including criminal acts.

Coping Mechanisms: Coping mechanisms are strategies or methods individuals use to manage stress or emotional turmoil resulting from adverse situations.